MODALITY SHIFT IN DESIGN PROCESS: UNDERSTANDING THE RATIONALE BEHIND MODALITY SHIFT AND ITS EFFECT ON ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by AKM ZAHIDUL ISLAM Benyamin Schwarz, Ph.D., Dissertation Supervisor Newton D'Souza, Ph.D., Dissertation Co-Supervisor MAY 2015 © Copyright by AKM Zahidul Islam 2015 All Rights Reserved The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled MODALITY SHIFT IN DESIGN PROCESS: UNDERSTANDING THE RATIONALE BEHIND MODALITY SHIFT AND ITS EFFECT ON ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN Presented by AKM Zahidul Islam A candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy And hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Professor Benyamin Schwarz, Ph.D. Associate Professor Newton D'Souza, Ph.D. Professor Ruth Brent Tofle, Ph.D. Professor Deanna Sharpe, Ph.D. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to thank Dr. Benyamin Schwarz and Dr. Newton D'Souza for their guidance and patience along the way. I was very fortunate to have them as advisors: they made this a valuable and enjoyable learning experience. I sincerely appreciate both of my mentors moral support and advice. I also want to thank the members of my dissertation committee, Dr. Ruth Brent Tofle for her endless help and support and Dr. Deanna Sharpe for taking time to read the manuscript and for being willing to join the committee at the end. I gratefully acknowledge the support of my colleagues in the Department of Architectural Studies and my family and friends. Their encouragement and understanding meant so much to me. And last but not least, I want to thank two of the most important person in my life- my wife, Shahnaz Talukder and my son Abrar Zahid for their continuous encouragement without which perhaps it would never be possible. ii ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ ii Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................ xi Abstract ....................................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................1 1.1 Background ......................................................................................................1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ..................................................................................3 1.3 Purpose and Objective of the Study ..................................................................4 1.4 Questions to be answered..................................................................................5 1.5 Significance of the Study ..................................................................................6 1.6 Limitations .......................................................................................................6 1.7 Theoretical Framework .....................................................................................8 1.8 Organization of the Study ............................................................................... 10 1.9 Definition of Terms ........................................................................................ 11 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ........................................................... 25 2.1 Previous and Related Research ............................................................................ 25 2.2 Modality and Modality Shift: .............................................................................. 27 2.2.1 Modality shift .............................................................................................. 29 2.2.2 Working definition of Modality and Modality Shift: .................................... 31 2.3 Design ................................................................................................................. 32 2.3.1 Evaluation of architectural design ................................................................ 36 iii 2.3.2 Design Methods ........................................................................................... 37 2.4 Design Process ................................................................................................... 42 2.4.1 Ideation / Conceptualization ........................................................................ 45 2.4.2 Exploration/ Refinement .............................................................................. 47 2.4.3 Definition/ Modeling ................................................................................... 48 2.4.4 Communication ........................................................................................... 52 2.5 Theory in Design and Design Process.................................................................. 53 2.5.1 Theory ......................................................................................................... 54 2.5.2 Digital Design Theory ................................................................................. 67 2.6 Drawings and Types of Drawings ........................................................................ 72 2.6.1 Importance of Drawings .............................................................................. 76 2.6.2 Exploration with Study Drawings ................................................................ 77 2.6.2 Drawings and the Design Process ................................................................ 79 2.7 Digital Media in Design ...................................................................................... 83 2.7.1 The History of Computer Aided Design ....................................................... 87 2.7.2 Role of computing in architectural design .................................................... 88 2.8 Design Modality .................................................................................................. 89 2.8.1 Interaction between Modalities .................................................................... 90 2.8.2 Modality Shift in Design Process ................................................................. 92 2.8.3 Selecting and Switching design modalities ................................................... 94 2.8.4 Reasons of modality shift ............................................................................. 95 2.8.5 Modality theory: .......................................................................................... 98 2.8.6 Consequences of modality shift ................................................................. 104 2.9 Analyzing Design .............................................................................................. 109 iv 2.10 Summary ......................................................................................................... 114 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHOD.............................................................. 115 3.1 Philosophical assumptions of explanatory design. ............................................. 117 3.2 Research Paradigm ............................................................................................ 120 3.3 Quantitative Research Method: Questionnaire Survey ....................................... 122 3.4 Qualitative Research Method: Case Study Approach ......................................... 123 3.5 Sampling Criteria .............................................................................................. 125 3.5.1 Research Sampling: Selection of Studios ................................................... 125 3.6 Method of Data Collection ................................................................................ 127 3.6.1 Observations .............................................................................................. 127 3.6.2 Documentation and Review of Visual Material .......................................... 128 3.6.3 Interviews .................................................................................................. 129 3.7 Methods of Data Analysis and Synthesis ........................................................... 130 3.7.1 Qualitative Data Analysis .......................................................................... 131 3.7.2 Coding ....................................................................................................... 132 3.8 Data Analysis and Synthesis in this Study ......................................................... 135 3.8.1 Examination of the design drawings: ......................................................... 140 3.8.2 Analysis of drawings ................................................................................. 141 3.9 Validity ............................................................................................................. 142 3.9.1 Methods for Enhancing Validity in this study ............................................ 147 CHAPTER FOUR: FINDINGS ................................................................................... 151 4.1 Studio Course Structure and Participants’ Characteristics .................................