A social group work empowerment programme for male youth who are on antiretroviral therapy XP BUNGANE 2011 A social group work empowerment programme for male youth who are on antiretroviral therapy XOLISWA PATRICIA BUNGANE Manuscript submitted in fulfilment of the Requirements for the degree DOCTOR PHILOSOPHIAE in SOCIAL WORK at the NORTH-WEST UNIVERSITY POTCHEFSTROOM CAMPUS Promoter: Dr. AA Roux Co-Promoter: Prof. C Strydom Potchefstroom November 2012 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank all who contributed to making this research possible. In particular, I wish to acknowledge the contribution made by the following: The lord almighty who gave me wisdom and strength to complete my studies. My supervisors, Dr. AA Roux and Dr. C Strydom, who patiently encouraged and guided me toward the achievement of this research. University of North-West bursary section for their financial support. In particular I thank my two sons Nicholas and Siyabonga Bungane who always gave me hope, encouragement and support. Special thanks to members of my family of origin who supported me emotionally My special friend Mr. ST Belot for his constant encouragement and support. Mrs. L Vos who helped me with the literature search The respondents who participated in this research Dr. Suria Ellis at Statistical Consultation Services of the North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, who helped me with the statistical recasting. Mrs. Ina-Lize Venter who did the language editing. To my colleagues Mr. Stephen van Wyk and Miss Cynthia Funeka. To my managers at the Department of Social Development, who gave me permission to conduct my research at Motheo District. To my friends and colleagues who wished me success in my studies. To Prof Minrie Greeff who allowed me to be part of the AUTHER research project: The use of ARV and quality of life: an African study. i This study was part of the research project: The use of ARV and quality of life: an African study. Ethics approval number: NWU-00051-07-S1 I dedicate this study to my late: Father Mr. Joseph Mabo and Sister Miss Ellen N. Mabo ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................................................... I TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................ III SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................................... IX FOREWORD ....................................................................................................................................................... XIV INSTRUCTIONS TO THE AUTHORS ....................................................................................................................... XV STATEMENT ....................................................................................................................................................... XVI SECTION A............................................................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................... 1 1. PROBLEM STATEMENT ................................................................................................................................. 1 2. RESEARCH QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................................. 4 3. AIM AND OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................... 5 4. CENTRAL THEORETICAL STATEMENT ............................................................................................................ 6 5. DURATION OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................................................ 6 6. PILOT STUDY................................................................................................................................................. 6 6.1 STUDY OF THE LITERATURE ................................................................................................................................. 7 6.2 THE EXPERIENCES OF EXPERTS ............................................................................................................................. 7 6.3 FEASIBILITY OF THE STUDY .................................................................................................................................. 8 6.4 TESTING OF THE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS........................................................................................................... 8 7. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................................... 8 7.1 LITERATURE STUDY ........................................................................................................................................... 9 7.2 EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ........................................................................................................................................ 9 7.2.1 Phase 1: Analysis Phase ....................................................................................................................... 10 7.2.2 Phase 2 .................................................................................................................................................. 13 8. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................................................ 16 9. DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS ........................................................................................................................... 17 10. PRESENTATION OF THE REPORT .............................................................................................................. 20 11. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................ 22 SECTION B ............................................................................................................................................................ 30 ARTICLE 1 ............................................................................................................................................................. 30 THE NEEDS OF MALE YOUTHS ON ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY ............................................................................ 30 1.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 30 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT ............................................................................................................................ 31 1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH .................................................................................................. 34 1.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................... 34 iii 1.5 RESEARCH RESULTS ................................................................................................................................. 39 1.5.1 PERSONAL INFORMATION ................................................................................................................................ 39 1.5.1.1 Home language of respondents ....................................................................................................... 39 Table 1.1: Home language ................................................................................................................................ 39 1.5.1.2 Marital status ................................................................................................................................... 39 Table 1.2: Marital status ................................................................................................................................... 40 1.5.1.3 Grade passed in school ..................................................................................................................... 41 Table 1.3: Highest school grade ........................................................................................................................ 41 1.5.1.4 Employment status of the respondents ............................................................................................ 41 1.5.1.5 Number of children of the respondents ............................................................................................ 42 1.5.1.6 Housing conditions ........................................................................................................................... 42 1.5.1.7 People living with ............................................................................................................................. 43 Table 1.4: People living with ............................................................................................................................. 43 1.5.1.8 Average income of respondents ....................................................................................................... 43 1.5.2 RESPONDENTS’ RELATIONSHIPS ........................................................................................................................