Finland’s Fifth National Communication under the United Nations Framework Conventionon FifthNationalCommunicationundertheUnitedNationsFramework Finland’s Climate Change Finland’s Fifth National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on YMPÄRISTÖMINISTERIÖ MILJÖMINISTERIET MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT Climate Ministry of the Environment Statistics Finland ISBN 978–952–244–184–3 (pdf) PO Box 35, PO Box 4C, ISBN 978–952–244–185–0 (print) FI-00023 GOVERNMENT, FINLAND FI-00022 Statistics Finland, FINLAND Printed by: Multiprint Oy Change Finland’s Fifth National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Committee for Preparing the Fifth National Communication Riitta Pipatti, Statistics Finland (Chair) Martti Esala, MTT Agrifood Research Finland Saara Jääskeläinen, Ministry of Transport and Communications Leo Kolttola, Statistics Finland Esko Kuusisto, Finnish Environment Institute Sanna Luhtala, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Irmeli Mikkonen, Motiva Oy Markku Niinioja, Ministry for Foreign Affairs Sini Niinistö, Finnish Forest Research Institute (Metla) Marjo Nummelin, Ministry of the Environment Paula Perälä, Ministry of the Environment Kim Pingoud, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Hannele Seitsonen, Ministry of Education Markku Stenborg, Ministry of Finance Pekka Tervo, Ministry of Employment and the Economy Outi Tolonen-Kivimäki, Finnish Meteorological Institute Heikki Tuomenvirta, Finnish Meteorological Institute Jussi Uusivuori, Finnish Forest Research Institute (Metla) Leena Raittinen, Statistics Finland (Secretary) Kai Skoglund, Statistics Finland (Secretary) Editor: Merimari Kimpanpää, Earth Pen, the Netherlands Reference recommendation: Finland’s Fifth National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 2009. Ministry of the Environment and Statistics Finland, Helsinki. 280 p. English Language Consultant: Peter Ovell Cover Design and Layout: Hilkka Lehtonen, Statistics Finland Cover Photo: Jouko Lehmuskallio/YHA-kuvapankki Photos: Markku Aikioniemi/YHA kuvapankki, page 132 Riku Lumiaro/YHA kuvapankki, pages 191, 217 Jukka Alm/METLA, page 223 Kerttu Malinen/YHA kuvapankki, page 122 Marita Björkström/YHA kuvapankki, page 82, 171 Raili Malinen/YHA kuvapankki, page 177 Pirjo Ferin-Westerholm/YHA kuvapankki, page 46 Marja-Leena Nenonen/YHA kuvapankki, page 128 futureimagebank.com, pages 13, 33, 38, 46, 48, Mervi Nieminen/MTT, page 226 52, 62, 73, 75, 80, 141, 142, 143, 164, 184 Esa Nikunen/YHA kuvapankki, page 79 Pradipta Halder, page 244 Markku Nurmi/YM, page 197 Pentti Hokkanen/YHA kuvapankki, page 81, 246 Erkki Oksanen/METLA, pages 60, 157, 172, 175, Anja Holmsten/YHA kuvapankki, page 124 220, 221, 233, 234 iStockphoto, page 161 Marita Potila, page 39 Jyri Juujärvi, pages 31, 35, 163 Ilmo Pylkkänen, Viherjuuri, page 28, 239 Vesa Kaarakka/VITRI, University of Helsinki, page 243 Kalaimani Supramaniam, page 199, 242 Nina Kokko/YHA kuvapankki, page 55 Päivi Tahvanainen/YHA kuvapankki, pages 97, 102, 116 Frank Koumolou, pages 25, 202, 205 Unto Tapio/YHA kuvapankki, page 166 Vesa Kuusava/YHA kuvapankki, page 11 Aarno Torvinen/YHA kuvapankki, pages 173,175,189 Esko Kuusisto, pages 9, 20, 45, 65, 137, 167, 185, Maria Uotinen/YHA kuvapankki, page 50 213, 230 YHA kuvapankki, page 42 Käpylän koulu, Helsinki, page 237 Ping Zhou/VITRI, University of Helsinki, page 243 Jouko Langen/YHA kuvapankki, page 121 Figures and Tables: Statistics Finland, the Long-term Climate and Energy Strategy and the ministries, unless otherwise indicated. ISBN 978–952–244–184–3 (pdf) ISBN 978–952–244–185–0 (print) Multiprint Oy, Helsinki 2010 Contents Foreword . 7 1 Executive summary . 11 1.1 National circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals . 11 1.2 Greenhouse gas inventory information, including information on the national system and the national registry . 12 1.3 Policies and measures . 14 1.4 Projections and assessment of policies and measures . 18 1.5 Climate change impacts, adaptation measures and vulnerability assessment . 20 1.6 Financial resources and transfer of technology . 24 1.7 Research and systematic observation . 26 1.8 Education, training and public awareness . 28 2 National circumstances . 33 2.1 Government structure . 33 2.2 Population profile . 33 2.3 Geographical profile. 35 2.4 Climate profile . 38 2.4.1 Present climatic conditions and variations. 38 2.5 Economy . 40 2.6 Energy . 42 2.6.1 Energy supply. 42 2.6.2 Recent changes on the energy market . 45 2.7 Transport. 46 2.7.1 Passenger transport . 46 2.7.2 Freight transport . 47 2.8 Industry . 48 2.8.1 Energy use in industry . 49 2.9 Building stock . 50 2.9.1 Energy use for indoor heating. 51 2.9.2 Urban structure . 53 2.10 Waste . 55 2.11 Agriculture. 57 2.12 Forestry . 58 2.13 Peatlands. 62 3 Greenhouse gas inventory information, including the national system and the national registry . 67 3.1 Greenhouse gas emissions . 67 3.1.1 Emission trends 1990–2007 . 69 3.2 Greenhouse gas emissions by sector . 70 3.2.1 Energy . 70 3.2.2 Transport . 73 3.2.3 Industrial processes . 75 3.2.4 Use of solvents and other products. 77 3.2.5 Agriculture . 77 3.2.6 Land use, land-use change and forestry . 78 3.2.7 Reporting under Article 3, paragraphs 3 and 4, of the Kyoto Protocol . 80 3.2.8 Waste . 80 3.3 Greenhouse gas inventory system, under Article 5, paragraph 1, of the Kyoto Protocol. 82 3.3.1 Institutional arrangements . 82 3.3.2 Inventory process . 85 3.3.3 Quality management . 87 3.4 National registry . 89 3.4.1 Emissions trading schemes and the national registry . 89 3.4.2 Registry users . 91 3.4.3 Types of account . 91 3.4.4 Functions of the registry . 92 3.4.5 Roles of ITL and CITL . 92 3.4.6 Performance under the Kyoto Protocol . 92 4 Policies and measures . 99 4.1 Climate policy framework in Finland. 99 4.1.1 First commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, 2008–2012. 99 4.1.2 Framework for climate policy after 2012 . 99 4.2 Climate policy-making process in Finland . 100 4.2.1 Government and role of ministries . 100 4.2.2 Other stakeholders . 100 4.2.3 Public access to information . 101 4.2.4 Regions and municipalities . 101 4.3 Legislative arrangements and programmes under the European Community . 103 4.3.1 Legislation implementing the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) . 103 4.4 National institutional and legislative arrangements under the Kyoto Protocol . 104 4.4.1 Act and Decree on the Kyoto Protocol . 104 4.4.2 Legislation on the Kyoto Mechanisms. 105 4.5 National forest legislation and programmes. 106 4.6 National energy and climate strategies . 108 4.6.1 Meeting the Kyoto target . 108 4.6.2 The post-Kyoto period . 109 4.7 Sectoral policies and measures. 110 4.7.1 Energy . 110 4.7.2 Transport and communications. 118 4.7.3 International bunkers . 121 4.7.4 Industrial processes . 122 4.7.5 Machinery . 123 4.7.6 Agriculture . 124 4.7.7 Land use, land-use change and forestry . 125 4.7.8 Waste management . ..