nm u Ottawa L'Universitd canadienne Canada's university FACULTE DES ETUDES SUPERIEURES l^sl FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND ET POSTOCTORALES U Ottawa POSDOCTORAL STUDIES I.'Univcrsit^ canadienne Canada's university Sara Nicholls AUTEUR DE LA THESE / AUTHOR OF THESIS M.A. (Human Kinetics) GRADE/DEGREE School of Human Kinetics FACULTE, EC0LE, DEPARTEMENT / FACULTY, SCHOOL, DEPARTMENT Playing Games with Power and Privilege: Subjugated Knowledges and Sport for Development TITRE DE LA THESE / TITLE OF THESIS Dr. Audrey R. Giles DIRECTEUR (DIRECTRICE) DE LA THESE / THESIS SUPERVISOR Dr. Christabelle Sethna CO-DIRECTEUR (CO-DIRECTRICE) DE LA THESE / THESIS CO-SUPERVISOR EXAMINATEURS (EXAMINATRICES) DE LA THESE/THESIS EXAMINERS Dr. Carol Amaratunga Dr. Alexandre Dumas Gary W. Slater Le Doyen de la Faculte des etudes superieures et postdoctorales / Dean of the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies 1 Playing Games with Power and Privilege: Subjugated Knowledges and Sport for Development Sara Nicholls Honours Bachelor of Arts, Faculty of Health Sciences: Kinesiology University of Western Ontario, 2000 Co-Supervisor: Dr Audrey R. Giles Co-Supervisor: Dr. Christabelle Sethna Committee Member: Dr. Carol Amaratunga Committee Member: Dr. Alexandre Dumas THESIS Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Arts, Human Kinetics and Women's Studies School of Human Kinetics and Institute of Women's Studies University of Ottawa © Sara Nicholls, Ottawa, Canada, 2008 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-48617-7 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-48617-7 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada Table of Contents List of abbreviations 3 Abstract 4 Acknowledgements 5 Introduction 10 Chapter 1 42 Power/knowledge: A Challenge to the "Lack of Evidence" Discourse in Sport for Development Chapter 2 76 Missing Pieces: Sex and Sexuality in Sport for HIV/AIDS Education Chapter 3 114 Sport as a Tool for HIV/AIDS Education: A Potential Catalyst for Change Conclusion 158 List of Abbreviations AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ASC Aboriginal Sport Circle CABOS Commonwealth Advisory Board on Sport CAAN Canadian Aboriginal AIDS Network CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women CGC Commonwealth Games Canada HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus LGBTQ Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Queer MDGs Millennium Development Goals NIF Norwegian Olympic Committee and Confederation of Sports PCH Canadian Heritage SCORE Sport Coaches Outreach SCSA Zone VI Supreme Council for Sport in Africa Zone VI SDP Sport for development and peace SDPIWG Sport for Development and Peace International Working Group UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Program UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund UNOSDP United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace 4 Abstract In this thesis, I focus on Southern African peer educators' experiences in facilitating HIV/AIDS education activities within the Kicking AIDS Out network. By utilizing Foucault's (1975) conception of "subjugated knowledges," I work towards four main objectives. In chapter one, I aim to surface a sample of young people's subjugated knowledges pertaining to the "lack of evidence" discourse of sport for development. In chapter two, my objective was to understand better what tools peer educators need to be more effective in their HIV/AIDS education efforts in a sport environment. Chapter three suggests steps to encourage knowledge exchange on sport for development across geographical and cultural boundaries to further national HIV/AIDS education and health goals with Aboriginal communities. I meet my fourth objective, to provide recommendations to the Kicking AIDS Out network regarding the training and support needs of peer educators in a field report, which is not contained in this thesis. Acknowledgements To my partner, Mark Mathies, none of this could have been possible without you. You created the space for the words on these pages - your support sustains me. To my mom, Cheryl Mcholls-Jones you taught me to go after my dreams and to ask questions about the world around me - it is from you that I first learned about feminism. To the Kicking AIDS Out peer educators, you are brilliant and I am so grateful that you shared your brilliance with me - your commitment and passion is inspiring. To the young women in Southern Africa who face the destruction of HIV/AIDS in their communities, in their families and in their lives, one day the world will listen. A chance meeting with Dr. Audrey Giles at a conference led me down the path to graduate school. Dr. Giles, I am grateful for all that you have done for me in the past two years. You have embraced sport for development and challenged me to be a better graduate student. Your sensitivity to issues facing Aboriginal peoples and commitment to post-colonial feminism opened new avenues of thought for me and I am proud to be your first graduate student to complete an MA. I was fortunate to benefit from two supervisors and am grateful for the input of Dr. Christabelle Sethna. Dr. Sethna, your understanding of sexual health, race and was extremely helpful and much appreciated. This document is stronger for the time and energy you both invested in its production. I would like to extend my thanks to the members of my committee, Dr. Carol Amaratunga and Dr. Alexandre Dumas. Dr. Amaratunga, thank you for your quiet encouragement and commitment to feminist action research. You have inspired me to continue working through questions of race and privilege and what these issues mean in a research setting. Dr. Dumas, thank you for engaging with me as a scholar, your questions have provided me with much food for thought for the future. As well, thank you to Dr. Penny Werthner, the chair of my thesis defense committee, you were a wonderful addition to the team and I appreciate the time 6 you took to be a part of this process. Margot Charbonneau and Jacqueline Brown, the friendly faces at the Institute of Women's Studies and Lise O'Reilly from the School of Human Kinetics, you are critical to graduate students and I want you to know that your contributions are appreciated. I owe a debt of gratitude to Dr. Kathryn Trevenen. You invested in me and took the time to help think through the complicated jumble of thoughts that has resulted in this document. You provided a much needed refuge for reflection and I am grateful for your contributions to my work, but also to who I am as a scholar. Elizabeth Robertson, you are a friend and a colleague. Your support, feedback and encouragement helped pull me through the difficult times. You are a magician with feminist theory and I am so grateful to have been able to learn from you. My family has been a constant source of support. My mom, Cheryl-Nicholls Jones, my sister, Amy Nicholls and the dad I always wished I had, Ian Tudor, you have weathered my infrequent phone calls and frazzled state of mind. I thank you for being there for me through it all. During the course of my research, it became official that I was going to have an extended family and I would like to thank the Mathies family for their encouragement and support. Thank you Dr. Ronald Mathies, Gudrun Mathies, Kristen Mathies, Anali Kratz-Mathies, Dr. David Kratz-Mathies and Stefan Mathies, you helped keep me positive through the process with your kind notes, cards and phone calls. I would like to extend a special thank you to Stefan. Mark and I drove to Virginia a few weeks before my defense to visit Stefan, Anali and David. Stefan provided the opportunity to play and laugh that I needed to refresh and rejuvenate for the final leg of my graduate school experience. Stefan your smile is a treasure. I am fortunate to have a special group of friends, who shared many cups of tea and even more encouragement over these two years and for that I would like to thank Juniper Turgeon, 7 Alex McKay-Smith, Emily Turk, Carolynne Weir, Dana Hanlofi, Davina Roussell, Dr.