398 Bibliography Archives and Libraries All archives, institutions and libraries consulted are listed below. For collections of significant importance, a brief summary is provided indicating the particularity of the material accessed. Comprehensive citations for all such material are to be found in the footnotes of the thesis. Archiv der Gedenkstätte Buchenwald, Weimar. Archiv der Stiftung ‘Neue Synagoge Berlin – Centrum Judaicum’, Berlin. This archive contains a modest, however, highly significant collection of material emanating predominantly from Jewish sources and provides important data on the activities of a number of Jewish communal organisations, particularly welfare organisations. It also contains a large collection from the reconstructed post-war Synagogen-Gemeinde zu Magdeburg, where data and statistics on the former, destroyed community are to be found in a number of reports. Archiv der Synagogen-Gemeinde zu Magdeburg, Magdeburg. Much of the documentation found in this archive has been reproduced from non-Jewish, largely governmental sources from the Nazi period. A collection of local Jewish print media periodicals both prior to and after the Nazi accession also exists. However, unique to this archive are the Personenakten, or files on individual Jews and their families, compiled since the Shoah and providing detailed data on the lives and fates of members of the former Jewish community for the entire Nazi period. Archiv der Zentralen Stelle der Landesjustizverwaltungen zur Aufklärung nationalsozialistischer Verbrechen, Ludwigsburg. 399 Archiv des Internationalen Suchdienst des Roten Kreuzes, Bad Arolsen. Archiv des Konsistoriums der Evangelischen Kirche der Kirchenprovinz Sachsen, Magdeburg. This archive holds a small collection of files pertaining to its contact with Jews during the Nazi period. For this reason a number of relevant files provide valuable insight into matters ranging from the controversial baptisms of Jews, including Albert Hirschland, to the treatment of Christians of Jewish pedigree, to the interaction between the Lutheran Church and the local Jewish community in the early years of the regime. Archiv des Landesverbandes Jüdischer Gemeinden Sachsen-Anhalt, Magdeburg. Beth Hatefutsoth, The Nahum Goldmann Museum of the Jewish Diaspora, Tel Aviv. Bibliothek des Instituts für Zeitgeschichte, München. B’nai B’rith International, Washington D. C. Brandenburgisches Landeshauptarchiv, Potsdam. This archive is in possession of an important, comprehensive file on Hermann Spier during his tenure in Prenzlau, Brandenburg. This file sheds much light on Spier’s history prior to his arrival in Magdeburg. Bundesarchiv, Berlin. Comprehensive data on all Jews, according to the racial categories of the Nuremberg Laws, is found in the census statistics of 1939 and located in this archive. This data essentially provides an A–Z directory of all persons of Jewish pedigree resident in Magdeburg at the time of the census. The Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People, Jerusalem. This archive contains a small, yet highly, important collection containing files salvaged from the offices of the Synagogen-Gemeinde zu Magdeburg and a 400 number of affiliated communal organisations. Data contained in these files includes fragmented records on births, deaths, communal membership and statistics during the Nazi period, as well as the activities of a small number of welfare organisations. Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies, Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University, New Haven. ‘Germania Judaica’, Kölner Bibliothek zur Geschichte des deutschen Judentums, Köln. Hessisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Wiesbaden. Holocaust Resource Centre and Archives, New York. Institute of Contemporary History and Wiener Library, London. Jacob Rader Marcus Center of the American Jewish Archives, Cincinnati. Leo Baeck Institute Archives and Library, New York. A modest, however, highly important collection of documents, manuscripts, memoirs and artefacts exist in this archive; all emanate from predominantly Jewish sources. Of particular note and relevance are the communal newsletters distributed to members during World War Two and the memoirs in manuscript form of Kurt Sabatzky and Rabbi Dr Georg Wilde. Leo Baeck Institute Archives and Library, Jerusalem. Landesarchiv Magdeburg – Landeshauptarchiv Sachsen-Anhalt, Magdeburg. This archive holds an extensive, and by far the most voluminous, collection of documents and was consequently the chief source of documentation from non- Jewish sources utilised for this study. Comprehensive and extensive files from all governmental ministries of the period document the persecution of the Jewish community in varied aspects, ranging from the situation of the majority of Jewish communal organisations, including the religious congregations and 401 their subsequent dissolutions; the destruction of Jewish business livelihoods and expropriation; the exclusion, vilification and ostracism extant in the public domain; the situation in public schools for Jewish children and the eventual establishment of a segregated school for Jews; the events during and after the Reichskristallnacht, including limited material on emigration; to the situation of the Jewish community during World War Two, including segregated housing, stigmatisation, forced labour and deportation. Landeshauptarchiv Sachsen-Anhalt – Abteilung Dessau, Dessau. Mediothek der Gedenkstätte Haus der Wannsee-Konferenz, Berlin. The Parkes Library and Archives, Hartley Library, University of Southampton, Southampton. Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts, Bonn. Stadtarchiv Magdeburg, Magdeburg. This archive holds a modest, yet highly, important collection of files from various local government authorities and their dealings with Jewish communal organisations and matters concerning Jews. Most importantly, it also holds files concerning the civic registration and the subsequent administrative affairs of a number of Jewish organisations. This material includes documentation relating to the Synagogen-Gemeinde zu Magdeburg, insurance for Jews and some detail on the operations of the Jewish cemetery during the Nazi period. Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Archive, Los Angeles. Sydney Jewish Museum Archives and Library, Sydney. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives, Washington, D. C. The majority of the material from this modest collection emanates from predominantly Jewish sources. A rich and highly comprehensive series of files from the Landesverband Mitteldeutschland des Centralverein provides much 402 detail not only on its roles and affairs, but also of the situations facing the Jewish community of Magdeburg. This material includes files discussing antisemitic measures in the public domain, ‘aryanisations’ and the incidence of show trials. Yad Vashem Archives, Jerusalem. The majority of the files in this collection have been reproduced from German archives, particularly from the collections held by the Landesarchiv Magdeburg – Landeshauptarchiv Sachsen-Anhalt. However, a notable amount of important and original material is also held. This includes video footage of the arrival in the Warsaw ghetto of the first group of deportees from Magdeburg, the manuscript of Fritz Voss, concerning his role in the Albert Hirschland ‘Rassenschande’ trial and lists of deportees on the four major deportations to Theresienstadt from Magdeburg. Zentralarchiv zur Erforschung der Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland, Heidelberg. Private Collections Jensen, Hans, Sydney, personal documentation and family correspondence from the Jeruchem and Petzall families. Kent, Gisela, Sydney, personal documentation and family correspondence from the Jankelowitz family. Levy AM, Gerry, Sydney, family correspondence from the Levy family. Poppert, I., Sydney, personal documentation and family correspondence from the Herrmann and the Manneberg families. Rothberg, Léa, daughter of Rita White née Silbermann, Sydney, personal documentation from the Silbermann family. 403 Individual Interviews by the Author Interviewees have been cited according to their own wishes as indicated below and all interviews were conducted in the cited locations during the below-listed time periods: Austinat, Rosemarie (born 1923, Wolmirstedt), Wolmirstedt, 2001 and 2003. B., H. (born 1923, Magdeburg; died 2005, Sydney), Sydney, 1997. F., M. (born 1931, Magdeburg), Sydney and Melbourne, 1999–2003. Freeman, Hemmi (born 1920, Magdeburg; died 2001, Sydney), Sydney, 1998. Freeman, Sigrid (born 1924, Magdeburg), Sydney, 1998–2002. Jensen, Hans (born 1920, Unruhstadt; died 2004, Sydney), Sydney, 1999–2002. Kent, Gisela (born 1920, Magdeburg; died 2003, Sydney), Sydney, 1998–2001. Levy AM, Gerry (born 1924, Magdeburg), Sydney, 1996–2005. Mannings, George (born 1922, Magdeburg; died 2001, Perth), Sydney, 1999. Name withheld on request (born 1932, Magdeburg), Sydney, 1999–2004. Poppert, I. (born 1922, Wolmirstedt), Sydney, 1998–2005. Reed, Ursula (born 1922, Unruhstadt), Sydney, 1999. Z., R. (born Magdeburg 1925), Sydney, 1997. Books Adelson, Alan and Robert Lapides, eds., Lodz Ghetto: Inside a Community under Siege New York: Penguin Books, 1991. Adler, Hans Günter Der verwaltete Mensch. Studien zur Deportation der Juden aus Deutschland Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1974. Akademie der Künste, ed., Geschlossene Veranstaltung. Der Jüdische Kulturbund in Deutschland 1933–1941 Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1992. Aly, Götz Hitlers Volksstaat: Raub, Rassenkrieg und Nationaler Sozialismus Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer