RESEARCH ARTICLE SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics 45 (3) 478-490, 2013 PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF MANGOSTEEN (Garcinia mangostana L.) AND ITS RELATIVES BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND INTER SIMPLE SEQUENCE REPEAT (ISSR) MARKERS SULASSIH1, SOBIR2* and SANTOSA E2 1Center for Tropical Horticulture Studies, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl Pajajaran Baranangsiang, Bogor, Indonesia 2Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture at Bogor Agricultural University and Center for Tropical Horticulture Studies, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl Pajajaran Baranangsiang, Bogor, Indonesia *Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] SUMMARY Mangosteen and its relatives within the genus Garcinia L. belong to the family Guttiferae that contains about 35 genera and up to 800 species. Guttiferae diversity is found across the Indonesian archipelago. In order to elucidate the genetic diversity of mangosteen and its relatives, morphological and molecular analyses were conducted. The objectives for this study were: (1) to determine the relationships between mangosteen and its relatives; and (2) to confirm the true diversity of allotetraploid mangosteen relatives G. mangostana. Analysis was conducted using morphological and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) between 19 accessions of G. mangostana and their close relatives revealed. Diversity analysis was based on 212 polymorphic characters and 3 groups were formed. Group A consisted of Garcinia mangostana, Garcinia malaccensis, Garcinia celebica, Garcinia hombroniana and Garcinia porrecta; group B comprised Garcinia forbesii and Garcinia subellptica; and group C solely with Calophyllum inophyllum... The genetic similarity of Garcinia mangostana, Garcinia malaccensis and Garcinia celebica were 0.78 and 0.63. The epidermis cell observations around stomata cells on the lower surface of leaves revealed that Garcinia mangostana has the intermediate shape between Garcinia celebica and Garcinia malaccensis. It shows that there is a close relationship among Garcinia celebica, Garcinia malaccensis and Garcinia mangostana. It was determined that Garcinia malaccensis and Garcinia celebica were ancestors based on morphological and ISSR markers. Keywords: Garcinia mangostana, molecular markers, morphological markers, phylogenetic analysis Manuscript received: February 18, 2013; Decision on manuscript: September 5, 2013; Manuscript accepted: November 4, 2013. © Society for the Advancement of Breeding Research in Asia and Oceania (SABRAO) 2013 Communicating Editor: Bertrand Collard INTRODUCTION archipelago, with the main populations in Sumatra and Kalimantan (Mansyah et al., Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) known 1999).Garcinia is a large genus that consists of as the “queen of tropical fruits” (Fairchild, about 400 species. Based on the examination of 1915), belongs to family Guttiferae and genus herbarium collections and a literature review, Garcinia (Verheij, 1991). Almeyda and Martin there are 77 species of Garcinia in Indonesia. (1976) stated that mangosteen is a native of The 25 species are found in Kalimantan, 22 Indonesia where it is distributed throughout the species in Sumatera and Sulawesi, 17 species in SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 45 (3) 478-490 Moluccas and Papua, 8 species in Java, and 5 collected from 4 locations in Bogor and West species in Lesser Sunda Island of Indonesia. Six Java, Indonesia (Table 1). The elevation was species of these are cultivated (Garcinia measured using GPS Garmin type eTrex 30. atroviridis, G. beccari, G. dulcis, G. Material was planted several years ago at Bogor mangostana, G. nigrolineata and G. parviflora), Botanical Garden Indonesian Institute of 58 species as the wild plants, 22 species as Sciences (06035’S, 106047’E): Garcinia edible fruits, and 21 species as timber plants hombroniana was planted in 2005, Garcinia (Uji, 2007). hombroniana in 2006, Garcinia porrecta (P1 Richard (1990) stated that mangosteen and P2) unknown and G. celebica unknown but originated from Southeast Asia and is an had the first flower in April 1965. Other material allotetraploid derivate of Garcinia hombroniana was planted at Mekarsari Fruit Garden (06025’S, (2n = 48) and Garcinia malaccensis (2n = 42) 106059’E) (Garcinia malaccensis in 1997 and based on 13 morphological markers. Garcinia celebica in 1995). Garcinia Yapwattanaphun and Subhadrabandhu (2004) subelliptica and Chalophylum inophyllum was stated G. mangostana has similarity with G. planted in 1993 and Garcinia celebica, Garcinia atroviridis, G. cowa, G. dulcis, G. malaccensis, porrecta and Garcinia forbesii were planted in G. mangostana, G. rostrata and G. vilersiana 1999 at Tajur station of Center for Tropical using internal transcribed spacer regions in the Horticulture Studies (06038’S, 106049’E). ribosomal DNA (rDNA). It shows that the other Garcinia mangostana was planted in 1999 at species than G. malaccensis and G. Leuwiliang mangosteen farm Bogor (06036’S, hombroniana could be candidates as ancestors of 106037’E). mangosteen. It is important to determine the genetic Morphological analysis diversity and relationship between G. mangostana and several close relatives. Genetic Observations were taken for 29 morphological diversity can be determined using a characters consisting of 25 characters including morphological and molecular analysis such as flower, fruit, leave, latex color, 2 stomata ISSR. The advantages of ISSR markers include: characters and 2 epidermis cell character (Table (1) they are not being influenced by season and 2). Morphological characters of flowers, leaves environment; (2) require 5-50 ng template of and fruits were observed referring to IPGRI DNA per reaction; (3) represent loci throughout (2003). Documentation was done using a digital the genome; (4) can generate higher camera (Canon Powershot A480). Colors were polymorphism higher than RAPD (Gao et al., measured according to standard color chart of 2006); (5) produce inter species polymorphisms Royal Horticultural Society (5th Edition). (Zietkiewicz et al., 1994; Soltis et al., 1998; Stomata characters and epidermis cell Kumar et al., 2009). Therefore, the objectives of based on Sass (1958) technique. Epidermis cell this study were to: (1) determine the walls divided into sinuous and flat type (Musa et relationships between mangosteen and its al., 1989). Rugayah (2007) classified the relatives; and (2) to confirm mangosteen epidermis based on cell walls into deeply relatives that were suspected to be parents of sinuous and slighty sinuous. Epidermis cell size allotetraploid G. mangostana using the consists of short cells (approximately 18-35 m) morphological and molecular markers. and long cell (around 17-92 x 8-12 m to 50- 192 x 6-14 m) (Tabrani G et al., 1989). Each흁 of the morphological characters are divided흁 into MATERIALS AND METHODS several subcharacte흁 rs, depend on the number of sub-character variations found. Plant materials Molecular analysis The plant materials included 21 from the Guttiferae family, 7 from the genus Garcinia The DNA was isolated from 0.1 g young leaf and 1 from the genus Calophyllum. They were tissue (3-week old plant) at the terminal position 479 Sulassih et al. (2013) using a modified CTAB method (Doyle and water. Amplification was performed in an Doyle, 1987), by adding 1% polyvinyl Applied Biosystem 2720 thermal cycler, with 35 pyrolidone (PVP) and 1% 2-mercaptoethanol to cycles after pre PCR for 5 minutes at 940C. Each the isolation buffer to inhibit phenolic cycle was for 1 minute at 940C for denaturation, compounds. DNA concentration was determined 1 minute at 48-540C for primer annealing, 1 by comparing with 1 µl λ DNA (Promega minute at 720C for DNA fragment elongation catalog number D150A). PCR reactions were and ended with post PCR for 5 minutes at 720C. carried out in a total volume of 13 µl containing Amplified products were electrophoresed on reaction mixture 20 ng of genomic DNA 1 µl 1.2% agarose gel (Promega catalog number approximately, 1 µl primer, 6 µl Go Taq master V3121) at 50 volt for one hour in mix (catalog number M712B) and 5 µl pure Table 1. List of mangosteen accessions and its close relatives used in the analysis. No. Accession Code Location Elevation Origin (m above sea level) 1. G. celebica Ce2 Bogor Botanical Garden Indonesian 272 m Sulawesi Institute of Sciences 2. G. hombroniana1 H1 Bogor Botanical Garden Indonesian 274 m Bangka Belitung Institute of Sciences 3. G. hombroniana2 H2 Bogor Botanical Garden Indonesian 260 m Bangka Belitung Institute of Sciences 4. G. malaccensis no1 M1 Mekarsari Fruit Garden Bogor 102 m Jambi 5. G. malaccensis no2 M2 Mekarsari Fruit Garden Bogor 125 m North Sumatera 6. G. malaccensis no3 M3 Mekarsari Fruit Garden Bogor 104 m North Sumatera 7. G. celebica C17 C17 Mekarsari Fruit Garden Bogor 103 m South Sumatera 8. G. celebica C18 C18 Mekarsari Fruit Garden Bogor 102 m South Sumatera 9. G. celebica AJ AJ Tajur, Center for Tropical 351 m Mekarsari Fruit Horticulture Studies Bogor Garden Bogor 10. G. celebica AD AD Tajur, Center for Tropical 350 m Mekarsari Fruit Horticulture Studies Bogor Garden Bogor 11. G. porrecta AB Tajur, Center for Tropical 356 m Mekarsari Fruit Horticulture Studies Bogor Garden Bogor 12. G. porrecta P1 Bogor Botanical Garden Indonesian 290 m Ambon, Maluku Institute of Sciences 13. G. porrecta P2 Bogor Botanical Garden Indonesian 292 m Ambon, Maluku Institute of Sciences 14. G. Forbesii For Tajur, Center for Tropical 356 m Mekarsari Fruit Horticulture Studies Bogor Garden Bogor 15. Calophyllum Ny Tajur, Center