(Foreløpig utgave) Kulturdepartementet St.meld. nr. 57 (2000-2001) I ytringsfrihetens tjeneste Mål og virkemidler i mediepolitikken 1 2 Innhold 1. INNLEDNING OG SAMMENDRAG....................................................................................................7 1.1 PRINSIPIELT UTGANGSPUNKT .................................................................................................................. 7 1.2 BAKGRUNNEN FOR MELDINGEN.............................................................................................................. 8 1.3 AVGRENSNING............................................................................................................................................ 9 1.4 SAMMENDRAG......................................................................................................................................... 10 2. MEDIEBILDET..........................................................................................................................................12 2.1 INNLEDNING............................................................................................................................................. 12 2.2 MEDIETILBUDET ...................................................................................................................................... 12 2.2.1 Innledning .....................................................................................................................................12 2.2.2 Aviser..............................................................................................................................................12 2.2.3 Fjernsyn .........................................................................................................................................13 2.2.4 Radio..............................................................................................................................................13 2.2.5 Internett .........................................................................................................................................14 2.2.6 Minoriteter / særskilte grupper..................................................................................................15 2.3 MEDIENES INNHOLD ............................................................................................................................... 16 2.3.1 Innledning .....................................................................................................................................16 2.3.2 Nyheter og aktualitetsstoff ..........................................................................................................16 2.3.3 Medienes samfunnsoppgaver.....................................................................................................18 2.4 MEDIENES BETYDNING FOR INFORMASJONSINNHENTING OG YTRINGSFRIHET .............................. 19 2.4.1 Innledning .....................................................................................................................................19 2.4.2 Mediekonsum................................................................................................................................19 2.4.3 Mediene som kilde til informasjon ............................................................................................22 2.4.4 Mediene som ytringskanal..........................................................................................................23 2.5 NOEN UTVIKLINGSTREKK....................................................................................................................... 23 2.6 KONKLUSJON ........................................................................................................................................... 26 3 MEDIEPOLITISKE MÅL......................................................................................................................27 3.1 DET OFFENTLIGES ANSVAR OG OPPGAVE............................................................................................. 27 3.2 MÅL FOR MEDIEPOLITIKKEN.................................................................................................................. 28 3.3 INNHOLDSMANGFOLD............................................................................................................................. 29 3.3.1 Generelt .........................................................................................................................................29 3.3.2 Medienes allmenne funksjon......................................................................................................30 3.4 MEDIEMANGFOLD................................................................................................................................... 32 3.4.1 Generelt .........................................................................................................................................32 3.4.2 Mangfold av hvilke medier?.......................................................................................................33 3.5 NÆRMERE OM TILGANGEN TIL MANGFOLDET ..................................................................................... 37 3.6 KONKURRANSE ........................................................................................................................................ 38 3.6.1 Generelt .........................................................................................................................................38 3.6.2 Særlig om lokal aviskonkurranse..............................................................................................39 3.7 KVALITET / TROVERDIGHET .................................................................................................................. 41 3.8 SÆRLIG OM BARN OG UNGE ................................................................................................................... 42 3.9 SÆRLIG OM MINORITETER...................................................................................................................... 44 3.10 OPPSUMMERING OG KONKLUSJON........................................................................................................ 46 4 MEDIEPOLITISKE VIR KEMIDLER – VURDERING OG FORSLAG.................................47 4.1 INNLEDNING............................................................................................................................................. 47 4.2 ØKONOMISKE VIRKEMIDLER................................................................................................................. 47 4.2.1 Generelt .........................................................................................................................................47 4.2.2 Pressestøtten.................................................................................................................................48 4.2.3 Tilskudd til minoritetspublikasjoner.........................................................................................62 4.2.4 Barn og unge ................................................................................................................................64 4.2.5 Statsannonsering..........................................................................................................................65 3 4.2.6 Merverdiavgift ..............................................................................................................................67 4.2.7 Økonomiske virkemidler overfor andre medier......................................................................70 4.2.8 Tilskudd til forskning og utdanning ..........................................................................................74 4.3 ALLMENNKRINGKASTING....................................................................................................................... 76 4.3.1 Generelt om allmennkringkasting .............................................................................................76 4.3.2 Programvirksomheten hos allmennkringkasterne..................................................................77 4.3.3 Offentlig eierskap i NRK.............................................................................................................78 4.3.4 Kringkastingsavgiften, NRKs forretningsvirksomhet ............................................................79 4.3.5 Distribusjon...................................................................................................................................80 4.4 REGULATORISKE VIRKEMIDLER............................................................................................................ 88 4.4.1 Medieeierskapsloven...................................................................................................................88 4.4.2 Kringkastingsloven - digitalisering ..........................................................................................96 4.4.3 Kringkastingsloven – lokalkringkasting...................................................................................97 4.4.4 Lovfesting av redaksjonell uavhengighet i mediene ........................................................... 101 4.4.5 Andre regulatoriske virkemidler ............................................................................................ 101 4.5 SELVREGULERING.................................................................................................................................103 4.5.1 Selvregulering