Assessment date 13 January 2016 Macrothelypteris torresiana ALL ZONES Answer Score 1.01 Is the species highly domesticated? n 0 1.02 Has the species become naturalised where grown? 1.03 Does the species have weedy races? 2.01 Species suited to Florida's USDA climate zones (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) 2 North Zone: suited to Zones 8, 9 Central Zone: suited to Zones 9, 10 South Zone: suited to Zone 10 2.02 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) 2 2.03 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y 1 2.04 Native or naturalized in habitats with periodic inundation y North Zone: mean annual precipitation 50-70 inches Central Zone: mean annual precipitation 40-60 inches South Zone: mean annual precipitation 40-60 inches 1 2.05 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y 3.01 Naturalized beyond native range y 2 3.02 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y 2 3.03 Weed of agriculture unk 3.04 Environmental weed unk 3.05 Congeneric weed unk 4.01 Produces spines, thorns or burrs n 0 4.02 Allelopathic unk 0 4.03 Parasitic n 0 4.04 Unpalatable to grazing animals n -1 4.05 Toxic to animals n 0 4.06 Host for recognised pests and pathogens unk 0 4.07 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans unk 0 4.08 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems unk 0 4.09 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle n 0 4.10 Grows on infertile soils (oligotrophic, limerock, or excessively draining soils). North & unk Central Zones: infertile soils; South Zone: shallow limerock or Histisols. 0 4.11 Climbing or smothering growth habit n 0 4.12 Forms dense thickets unk 0 5.01 Aquatic n 0 5.02 Grass n 0 5.03 Nitrogen fixing woody plant n 0 5.04 Geophyte n 0 6.01 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat unk 0 6.02 Produces viable seed y 1 6.03 Hybridizes naturally unk -1 6.04 Self-compatible or apomictic unk -1 6.05 Requires specialist pollinators unk 0 6.06 Reproduction by vegetative propagation y 1 6.07 Minimum generative time (years) unk -1 7.01 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked unk areas) -1 7.02 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people unk -1 7.03 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant unk -1 7.04 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y 1 7.05 Propagules water dispersed y 1 7.06 Propagules bird dispersed y 1 7.07 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y 1 7.08 Propagules dispersed by other animals (internally) y 1 8.01 Prolific seed production y 1 8.02 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y 1 8.03 Well controlled by herbicides unk 1 8.04 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation or cultivation unk -1 8.05 ? Total Score 8 Implemented Pacific Second Screening no Risk Assessment Results High section satisfy # questions answered minimum? A 8 yes B 6 yes C 13 yes total 27 yes Reference Source data 1.01 Cultivated, but no evidence of selection for reduced weediness 1.02 Skip to 2.01 1.03 Skip to 2.01 2.01 1. PERAL NAPPFAST Global Plant Hardiness. No computer analysis was performed. 1. Florida North Zone: http://www.nappfast.org/Plant_hardiness/2012/PHZ%20update Hardiness zones 8 and 9. Central Zone: Hardiness zones 9 and 10. 201230%20yr%20%20300dpi.tif (Accessed: 18 August 2015) 2. South Zone: Hardiness zone 10. 2. Native to South Africa, USDA Germplasm Resources Information Network. Madagascar, Japan, Taiwan, Indochina, Thailand, Indonesia, http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?412621 Malaysia, Australia, New Zealand, United States (Hawaii), French (Accessed: 18 August 2015) 3. Encyclopedia of Life. Polynesia, and Samoa. Naturalized elsewhere. Cultivated in Peru. http://eol.org/pages/486935/maps (Accessed: 18 August 2015) 2&3. Present in USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 7 through 13. 2.02 Native range is well known 2.03 1. The University of Melbourne. Köppen-Geiger Climate Map of the Wolrd. 1,2,&3. Present in the following Köppen-Geiger Climate Zones: http://people.eng.unimelb.edu.au/mpeel/koppen.html Af, Am, Aw, BWh, BSh, Cwa, Cwb, Cfa, Cfb, Dfa, and Dfb. 2. (Accessed: 18 August 2015) 2. USDA Germplasm Native to South Africa, Madagascar, Japan, Taiwan, Indochina, Resources Information Network. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi- Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Australia, New Zealand, United bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?412621 (Accessed: 18 August 2015) States (Hawaii), French Polynesia, and Samoa. Naturalized 3. Encyclopedia of Life. http://eol.org/pages/486935/maps elsewhere. Cultivated in Peru. (Accessed: 18 August 2015) 2.04 1. Climate Charts. World Climate Maps. http://www.climate- charts.com/World-Climate-Maps.html#rain (Accessed: 18 August 2015) 2. USDA Germplasm Resources Information Network. 1,2,&3. Native to areas with rainfall in these ranges http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?412621 (Accessed: 18 August 2015) 3. Encyclopedia of Life. http://eol.org/pages/486935/maps (Accessed: 18 August 2015) 2.05 1. Intoduced to Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, 1. Encyclopedia of Life. http://eol.org/pages/486935/overview Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas, Mexico, Wst Indies in the (Accessed: 18 August 2015) 2. iNaturalist. Antilles, Central America, and South America (Argentina) 2. "It http://www.inaturalist.org/guide_taxa/275081 (Accessed: 18 August 2015) has been introduced into other areas, including large parts of North and South America." 3.01 1. USDA Germplasm Resources Information Network. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?412621 1. "Naturalized elsewhere" 2. "Naturalizes freely from thick, (Accessed: 18 August 2015) 2. Goodness Grows. http://www.goodnessgrows.com/id83.html (Accessed: 18 August aggressively-spreading rhizomes." 2015) 3.02 1. Global Compendium of Weeds. 1. Listed as a weed. Only one source, but that one source says http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/macrothelypteris_torresiana/ weed, agricultural weed, and environmental weed so this (Accessed: 18 August 2015) question is selected as yes as a conservative response. 3.03 1. Global Compendium of Weeds. http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/macrothelypteris_torresiana/ 1. Listed as an agricultural weed. (Accessed: 18 August 2015) 3.04 1. Global Compendium of Weeds. http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/macrothelypteris_torresiana/ 1. Listed as an environmental weed. (Accessed: 18 August 2015) 3.05 1. Global Compendium of Weeds. http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/macrothelypteris_polypodioides/ 1. Macrothelypteris polypodioides is listed as a weed. (Accessed: 18 August 2015) 4.01 1. Encyclopedia of Life. http://eol.org/pages/486935/details (Accessed: 18 August 2015) 2. Flora of North America. 1&2. These features are not listed in the description of this species. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=2335 00765 (Accessed: 18 August 2015) 4.02 No evidence 4.03 No evidence 4.04 1. Northern Territory Government. 1. "In 2008, it was reported that feral pigs and stock were http://www.lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/143158/Mac severely impacting this [endangered] population (K. Brennan in rothelypteris_torresiana_VU_FINAL.pdf (Accessed: 18 August sched.)"; "Fencing to exclude cattle and pigs is a high priority. 2015) Management of any weeds may then be needed." 4.05 1. Northern Territory Government. 1. "In 2008, it was reported that feral pigs and stock were http://www.lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/143158/Mac severely impacting this [endangered] population (K. Brennan in rothelypteris_torresiana_VU_FINAL.pdf (Accessed: 18 August sched.)"; "Fencing to exclude cattle and pigs is a high priority. 2015) Management of any weeds may then be needed." 4.06 No evidence that this plant is a significant primary or alternate host 4.07 No evidence 4.08 No evidence 1. Goodness Grows. http://www.goodnessgrows.com/id83.html 4.09 1. "Plants prefer bright, indirect light but will tolerate full sun in (Accessed: 18 August 2015) 2. Gardenality. consistently moist soils." 2. "Sun Exposure: Morning Sun / http://www.gardenality.com/Plants/1676/Perennial-Plants/Mariana- Evening Shade, Dappled Light / Filtered Sun" Maiden-Fern.html (Accessed: 18 August 2015) 4.10 1. Gardenality. http://www.gardenality.com/Plants/1676/Perennial- Plants/Mariana-Maiden-Fern.html (Accessed: 18 August 2015) 2. Ferns: Wild Things Make a Comeback in the Garden. https://books.google.com/books?id=NrGssitK1Y0C&pg=PA95&lp g=PA95&dq=%22Mariana+Maiden+Fern%22&source=bl&ots=Zrl 1. "Soil Type: Clay, Loam, Silt" 2. "Plants require most to wet, Ej2v836&sig=OkA-- neutral to acidic, humus-rich soil in partial to full shade" tjCAncXx3_TlSBuvB5H3kU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCAQ6AEwATg KahUKEwil7vHeuLPHAhVBKh4KHVoNDPg#v=onepage&q=%22 Mariana%20Maiden%20Fern%22&f=false (Accessed: 18 August 2015) 1. Encyclopedia of Life. http://eol.org/pages/486935/overview 4.11 1. "Plant growth habit: forb/herb" (Accessed: 18 August 2015) 1. Online Plant Guide. http://www.onlineplantguide.com/Plant- 4.12 1. "Grows in large colonies and has bold texture" Details/3696/ (Accessed: 18 August 2015) 1. Encyclopedia of Life. http://eol.org/pages/486935/details 5.01 1. "Terrestrial in damp woods and along stream banks" (Accessed: 18 August 2015) 5.02 1. USDA Germplasm Resources Information Network. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?412621 1. "Family: Thelypteridaceae" (Accessed: 18 August 2015) 5.03 1. USDA Germplasm Resources Information Network. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?412621 1. "Family: Thelypteridaceae" (Accessed: 18 August 2015) 5.04 No evidence of specialized structures 6.01 1.