Continuity and Change: Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Housing Conditions of American Indians and Alaska Natives U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development | Office of Policy Development and Research Visit PD&R’s website www.huduser.org to find this report and others sponsored by HUD’s Office of Policy Development and Research (PD&R). Other services of HUD USER, PD&R’s research information service, include listservs, special interest reports, bimonthly publications (best practices, significant studies from other sources), access to public use databases, and a hotline (800-245-2691) for help accessing the information you need. Continuity and Change: Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Housing Conditions of American Indians and Alaska Natives Prepared for: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Washington, D.C. Prepared by: Kathryn L.S. Pettit G. Thomas Kingsley Jennifer Biess Kassie Bertumen Nancy Pindus Chris Narducci Amos Budde January 2014 Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge Jennifer Stoloff of the Policy Development and Research Office at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development for her guidance on this project. Emily Wright from the HUD Office of Native American Programs also provided helpful feedback that improved the report. Karl Eschbach’s insights on the demographic trends of Native Americans helped to guide our analysis of population change. Brittany Edens at the Urban Institute provided excellent research assistance that helped ensure the accuracy and clarity of the report. Finally, we appreciate the thoughtful comments from the Expert Panel members, who are listed below. Expert Panel for the Assessment of Native American, Alaska Native, and Hawaiian Housing Needs Dr. Laura R. Appelbaum, Senior Research Analyst, Centers at the University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center and Co-Principal of Alto Research Kauila Clark, Native Hawaiian Traditional Healing Center Marvin Jones, Retired Executive Director of Community Services at the Cherokee Nation Miriam Jorgensen, Research Director, Native Nations Institute, University of Arizona, and Research Director, Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development Dr. Blake Kazama, Retired Executive Director, Tlingit-Haida Regional Housing Authority Peter Morris, Director of Strategy and Partnerships, Policy Research Center, National Congress of American Indians Patricia Nie, Community Development Officer, Wells Fargo Deana K. O’Hara, Senior Advisor to the Deputy Assistant Secretary, Office of Native American Programs, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Don Shircel, Director, Family Services, Tanana Chiefs Conference, Inc Disclaimer The contents of this report are the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development or the U.S. Government. Table of Contents Executive Summary ..................................................................................................... ix Population Growth and Distribution ................................................................................................................ix Social and Economic Conditions .......................................................................................................................xi Economic Development ........................................................................................................................................xii Housing Conditions and Needs .........................................................................................................................xiii Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................xvi Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 This Report and the Overall Study ...................................................................................................................1 The Structure of This Report ..............................................................................................................................3 Section 2—Population Growth and Distribution ........................................................................................4 Section 3—Social and Economic Conditions ...............................................................................................4 Section 4—Economic Development ................................................................................................................5 Section 5—Initial Review of Housing Conditions and Needs ..............................................................5 Section 6—Conclusions .........................................................................................................................................5 Population Growth and Distribution ................................................................................ 6 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................6 Defining the American Indian and Alaska Native Population .............................................................6 American Indian and Alaska Native Population Trends .........................................................................7 Geographies ................................................................................................................................................................9 Spatial Patterns of the AIAN Population .......................................................................................................11 CONTINUITY AND CHANGE: DEMOGRAPHIC, SOCIOECONOMIC, AND HOUSING CONDITIONS OF AMERICAN INDIANS AND ALASKA NATIVES vi Population Trends in Tribal Areas .....................................................................................................................15 The Multiracial AIAN Population ........................................................................................................................17 Mobility ...........................................................................................................................................................................18 Implications ..................................................................................................................................................................19 Social and Economic Conditions ...................................................................................... 20 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................20 Age Structure..............................................................................................................................................................21 Household Sizes and Types .................................................................................................................................23 Educational Attainment .........................................................................................................................................26 Employment ................................................................................................................................................................28 Income and Poverty ................................................................................................................................................31 How the AIAN Population Fared In the Great Recession......................................................................32 Implications ..................................................................................................................................................................35 Economic Development ...................................................................................................... 36 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................36 Background: Expansion of Economic Development in the 1990s ....................................................36 Employment Growth in the 2000s ..................................................................................................................38 Tribally Owned Businesses and Enterprises ................................................................................................40 Expansion of Community Development Financial Institutions ..........................................................44 Housing Conditions and Needs ......................................................................................... 50 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................50 Housing Characteristics in Tribal Areas and Surrounding Counties ................................................51 Homeownership.........................................................................................................................................................54 Subprime Lending ....................................................................................................................................................54