Profile on Environmental and Social Considerations in Philippines September 2011 Japan International Cooperation Agency （JICA) CRE CR(5) 11-008 Table of Contents Chapter 1. General Condition ......................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 ................................................................................ General Condition of the Philippines .................................................................................................................................................. 1-1 1.1.1 Location and Topography.............................................................................................. 1-1 1.1.2 Meteorology .................................................................................................................. 1-1 1.1.3 Hydrology ..................................................................................................................... 1-2 1.1.4 Political Structure, Legal Framework, Administrative Organization ............................ 1-4 1.2 ............................ Regulations and Policies on the Environmental and Social Considerations .................................................................................................................................................. 1-8 1.3 ........... Administrative Organizations related to the Environmental and Social Considerations .................................................................................................................................................. 1-9 1.3.1 Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) ...................................... 1-9 1.3.2 Other Relevant Authorities .......................................................................................... 1-10 1.4 ...........Current Situation concerning Ratification and Application of International Regulation ................................................................................................................................................ 1-11 1.5 .................................... Trend of NGOs related to Environmental and Social Considerations ................................................................................................................................................ 1-12 1.6 ............................................................................................................. Trend of Donors ................................................................................................................................................ 1-14 1.6.1 ADB ............................................................................................................................ 1-15 1.6.2 World Bank ................................................................................................................. 1-16 1.6.3 USAID ........................................................................................................................ 1-16 1.6.4 GTZ ............................................................................................................................. 1-16 1.6.5 China ........................................................................................................................... 1-17 Chapter 2. Natural Environment ..................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1 .......................................................................................................... General Condition .................................................................................................................................................. 2-1 2.1.1 General Features ........................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1.2 Relevant Authorities ...................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1.3 Relevant Regulations, Policies and Plans ..................................................................... 2-2 2.1.4 NGOs ............................................................................................................................ 2-6 2.2 .............................................................................................................. Flora and Fauna .................................................................................................................................................. 2-6 2.2.1 Relevant regulations and policies .................................................................................. 2-6 2.2.2 Endemic species ............................................................................................................ 2-7 2.2.3 Endangered species ....................................................................................................... 2-7 2.2.4 Problems and Analysis ................................................................................................ 2-10 i 2.3 ................................................................................................................... Biodiversity ................................................................................................................................................ 2-11 2.3.1 Relevant Regulations and Policies .............................................................................. 2-11 2.3.2 Distribution condition of ecosystems and those features ............................................ 2-13 2.3.3 Designated areas under the NIPAS ............................................................................. 2-15 2.3.4 Designated areas under the International treaties ........................................................ 2-17 2.3.5 Biosphere Reserve ....................................................................................................... 2-18 2.3.6 Other important areas for biodiversity ........................................................................ 2-20 2.3.7 Problems and Analysis ................................................................................................ 2-23 2.4 ............................................................................................................................ Forest ................................................................................................................................................ 2-23 2.4.1 Relevant Regulations and Policies .............................................................................. 2-23 2.4.2 General Information, Approaches and Problems ........................................................ 2-24 Chapter 3. Pollution Control ........................................................................................................... 3-1 3.1 .......................................................................................................... General Condition .................................................................................................................................................. 3-1 3.2 .................................... Current Condition of Air Pollution and Approaches to the Problems .................................................................................................................................................. 3-1 3.2.1 Current Condition and Problems of Air Pollution ......................................................... 3-1 3.2.2 Approaches to the Problems.......................................................................................... 3-4 3.3 ................................. Current Condition of Water Pollution and Approaches to the Problems .................................................................................................................................................. 3-8 3.3.1 Current Condition and Problems of Water Pollution .................................................... 3-8 3.3.2 Approaches to the Problems........................................................................................ 3-13 3.4 ................................... Current Condition of Soil Pollution and Approaches to the Problems ................................................................................................................................................ 3-16 3.4.1 Current Condition and Problems of Soil Pollution ..................................................... 3-16 3.4.2 Approaches to the Problems........................................................................................ 3-17 3.5 .............................................. Current Condition of Waste and Approaches to the Problems ................................................................................................................................................ 3-18 3.5.1 Current Condition and Problems of Waste .................................................................. 3-18 3.5.2 Approaches to the Problems........................................................................................ 3-22 Chapter 4. Social Environment ....................................................................................................... 4-1 4.1 .......................................................................................................... General Condition .................................................................................................................................................. 4-1 4.1.1 General Features ..........................................................................................................