PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI COMPLICITY, RESISTANCE AND AMBIVALENCE IN TANZANIAN LITERATURE: A POSTCOLONIAL READING OF TANZANIAN SELECTED TEXTS. A THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement to Obtain the Magister Humaniora (M. Hum.) in English Language Studies By Juma D. Imamu Student Number: 176332015 THE GRADUATEPROGRAMME OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2019 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI COMPLICITY, RESISTANCE AND AMBIVALENCE IN TANZANIAN LITERATURE: A POSTCOLONIAL READING OF TANZANIAN SELECTED TEXTS. A THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement to Obtain the Magister Humaniora (M. Hum.) in English Language Studies By Juma D. Imamu Student Number: 176332015 THE GRADUATEPROGRAMME OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2019 i PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI r I C0MPLICTTY, R$'SrST{I\[CE AhtD A}IBWALENCE rN TAFIZAhIIAN LITERAIIIRE: A P{OSTCOLONIAL READING OF l TANZAI\IIAN SELECIED TEXTS. Jumr I). Inamu Student Number z l7 6332015 Approved by Paulus Sarwoto Ph.D. Thesis Advisor @N,7'nMay2ol9. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI A THESIS COMPLICITY, RESISTANCE AND AMBTVALENCE IN TANZAI{IAN READII\G OF TANZAI\LAI\ i Lffi : A POSTCOLONIAL StrLECTEDTEXTS. Presented bY Juma D. Imamu Student Number: 176332015 Defended before the Thesis Committee lee' Chairperson Kiu;'fiNtaD(Qi, M.S., Secretaqy Members af,pa UnlversitY $ubanar, SJ PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI STATEMENT OF WSAK OruGINALITY T) This is to certiry that all ideas, phrases, s€ntenses, uiless otherwise state4 are the ideas, and sentences of the thesis writer. The writer understands the full consequences including degree canceltation if he took somebody else's ideas, phrases, or sentences without proper rcferences Yogyakarta, 7m May, 2A19. Juma D. Imamu. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADBMIS Yangbertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Juma D. Imamu NIM z 176332015 Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul: COMPLICITY, RESISTANCE AND AMBIVALENCB IN TANZANIAN LITERATURE: A POSTCOLONIAL READING OF TANZANIAN SELECTED TEXTS Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimPffi, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data,mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta rjin dari saya maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis. Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: 7'h Mray,z)lg. Yang menyatakan Juma D. Imamu PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I thank God for His blessing and guidance for the accomplishment of my thesis. I give my gratitude toward my thesis advisor, Paulus Sarwoto, Ph.D for his insight, help, and correction during the writing of this thesis. I also thank my lecturers in English Language Studies especially Dra. Novita Dewi, MS., M.A. (Hons), Ph.D, Dr. Mukarto, M.S, Dr. BB. Dwijatmoko, MA, and Dr. J. Bismoko for their guidance during my study in English Language Study Programme, Sanata Dharma University. Through their classes and discussions, I learned a lot. Special thanks to my late parents Imamu Daudi Mdoe and Leah Imamu for their parenting and bringing me up to becoming who I am right now. I also would like to thank my aunt, Asma Daud and my best friend Salome Michael for their tireless motivation and company, even though we are physically apart but my frequent communication with them made me feel cherished and cared for especially in my first time experience as a student in a foreign country. Many thanks are also attributed toward my friends in English Language Studies especially Elizabeth Thadeus Mashao and B Class of 2017. I would like to thank my friends in literature class Mike Chandra, Gregorious Subanti, Dian Windri, Christiana Anandya, Antonius Yo and Elizabeth Mashao. I would also like to thank my seniors Gerald John Mallya, Mas Adit, Mas Indra and Desca for their advices at different points of my thesis. Lastly, I would also like to thank Mbak Marni, administrative staff of ELS and the international office of Sanata Dharma University. vi PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE. ........................................................................................................ i THESIS APPROVAL PAGE. .............................................................................. ii THESIS DEFENCE APPROVAL PAGE .......................................................... iii STATEMENT OF WORK ORIGINALITY ..................................................... iv LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ................................................................ v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ x CHAPTER I ............................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 A. Complicity and Resistance in Tanzanian Literature ............................................ 2 B. Structure of the Study ........................................................................................ 13 CHAPTER II ........................................................................................................ 15 POSTCOLONIAL THEORY AND TANZANIAN COLONIAL EXPERIENCE ..................................................................................................... 15 A. Tanzania’s Colonial Experience in a Nutshell .................................................. 15 vii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI B. Privileged Position of Indians and Arabs in Colonial Tanganyika and Zanzibar…………………………………………………………………………..24 C. Academic Standing of the Texts under Discussion .......................................... 26 D. Orientalism and its Manifestation in Tanzania ................................................. 35 CHAPTER III ...................................................................................................... 45 TANZANIANS’ COMPLICITY WITH COLONIALISM .............................. 45 A. Colonial Complicity .......................................................................................... 46 B. Dependency Complex ........................................................................................ 51 CHAPTER IV ....................................................................................................... 60 TANZANIANS’ RESISTANCE AGAINST COLONIAL DOMINATION ... 60 A. Violent Resistance ............................................................................................. 60 B. Negotiation ........................................................................................................ 69 C. Ideological Resistance ....................................................................................... 75 CHAPTER V ........................................................................................................ 83 REVELATION OF AMBIVALENCE OF BOTH THE COLONIZERS AND THE COLONIZED BY THE SELECTED TEXTS ......................................... 83 A. The Propagation of the Binary Opposition in Colonial Discourse .................... 84 B. The Colonizer’s Propagation of Binary Opposition and Ambivalence ............. 93 C. Ambivalence as a Loophole for Tanzanians’ Resistance ................................ 105 CHAPTER VI ..................................................................................................... 113 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................... 113 viii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................. 119 Appendix ............................................................................................................. 127 ix PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ABSTRACT This study aims at analysing alliance and resistance of Tanzanians to colonial exploitative mission as presented in four Tanzanian texts set in colonial period namely Ebrahim Hussein’s Kinjeketile (1970), Hamza Sokko’s The Gathering Storm (1977) and Shafi Adam’s Vuta N’kuvute (1999) and Kuli (1979). It further analyses how the colonial encounter resulted in ambivalence among both the colonizer and the colonized. This research finds its niche in two senses, firstly in terms of detail as it gives a detailed analysis of Tanzanians’ reaction to colonial rule and cultural aftermath of colonial encounter as reflected by the selected texts and secondly, the gap is apparent in the case of theoretical approach used since this study combines four theories namely Edward Said’s Orientalism, Homi Bhabha’s ambivalence, Louis Althusser’s state ideology