YOUTH EMPLOYMENT AND Youth Employment and the Private Sector in Africa THE PRIVATE SECTOR IN AFRICA Editors Seife Ayele, Dominic Glover and Marjoke Oosterom Volume 49 | Number 5 | November 2018 Clementina Oluwafunke Ajayi In Memoriam e Introduction: Youth Employment and the Private Sector in Africa Seife Ayele, Marjoke Oosterom and Dominic Glover Ethiopia’s Agricultural Transformation: Agribusiness’ Contribution to Reducing Youth Unemployment wledg Tr Tesfamicheal Wossen and Seife Ayele ansf orming o Dev Labour Casualisation and Youth Employment in Ghana’s Formal Private Sector elopment Kn o Gertrude Dzifa Torvikey wledg Kn e Uganda’s National Youth Policy and Job Creation for Youth 49 Volume Rita Makumbi Skills Gaps and Mismatches: Private Sector Expectations of Engineering Graduates in Ethiopia Jerusalem Yibeltal Yizengaw | Fostering Agribusiness Entrepreneurship for Kenyan Youth through 5 Number Practice‑Based Education elopment John Muchira Navigating Precarious Livelihoods: Youth in the SME Sector in Zimbabwe Simbarashe Gukurume | Dev November 2018 November Assessing the Effectiveness of Employment Programmes for Ex‑Combatants: A Case Study of Nigeria’s Post Amnesty Programme (PAP) Tarila Marclint Ebiede orming ansf Tr Transforming Development Knowledge ‘There is a shift within donors and institutions to involve the private sector in addressing youth unemployment… in order to seize the “demographic dividend” of a young population.’ ISSN 0265-5012 (print), 1759-5436 (online) DOI: 10.19088/1968-2018.167 Volume 49 | Number 5 | November 2018 Volume 49 (2018) IDS Bulletin The IDS Bulletin is an open access, peer-review journal No. 1 Value Chains for Nutrition in South Asia: Who Delivers, exploring emerging international development challenges. It is How, and to Whom? published bi-monthly and is the flagship publication of the Institute No.1A Inclusive Peace and Security of Development Studies, a leading global institution for research, No. 2 Accountability for Health Equity: Galvanising a Movement teaching and learning, and impact and communications, based at the for Universal Health Coverage University of Sussex. Progressive economic, social and political change No. 3 Emerging Economies and the Changing Dynamics of for everyone needs new kinds of action and relationships, shaped Development Cooperation by new kinds of research and engagement. The IDS Bulletin aims to No. 4 The Millennium Villages: Lessons on Evaluating Integrated transform development knowledge, through its unique thematic Rural Development issues developed by global learning partnerships that bridge academic, practice and policy discourse. Volume 48 (2017) No. 1 Sex Education in the Digital Era Publishing Manager/Bulletin Editorial Coordinator Alison Norwood No. 2 Interrogating Decentralisation in Africa Production Editor Beth Richard No. 3 Africa’s Youth Employment Challenge: New Perspectives No. 4 Courting Catastrophe? Humanitarian Policy and Practice in Marketing and Production Officer Gary Edwards a Changing Climate Publisher The IDS Bulletin is published by the Institute of No. 1A Has Universal Development Come of Age? Development Studies, Library Road, Brighton BN1 9RE, UK. No. 5–6 Green Power for Africa: Overcoming the Main Constraints Tel: +44 (0)1273 606261. Volume 47 (2016) Cover photo Dukem, Oromia State, Ethiopia. Ethiopian staff at the No. 1 Opening Governance Huajian Group’s shoe factory. The Chinese-owned factory produces No. 1A Connecting Perspectives on Women’s Empowerment high-quality shoes for the European and Asian markets. No. 2 Development Studies – Past, Present and Future No. 3 Ruptures and Ripple Effects in the Middle East and Beyond Photographer Petterik Wiggers/Panos. No. 4 Foresight in International Development Disclaimer The Publisher and Issue Editors cannot be held responsible No. 5 Power, Poverty and Inequality for errors or any consequences arising from the use of information No. 2A States, Markets and Society – New Relationships for a New contained in this journal; the views and opinions expressed do not Development Era necessarily reflect those of the Publisher and Issue Editors, neither No. 6 Engaged Excellence e does the publication of advertisements constitute any endorsement e Periodical ID statement The IDS Bulletin (ISSN 0265-5012 print) is by the Publisher and Issue Editors of the products advertised. published bi-monthly in January, March, May, July, September and Copyright IDS Bulletin © Institute of Development Studies November. Mailing agent: Gary Edwards, Institute of Development Studies, Library Road, Brighton BN1 9RE, UK. This issue is published under a CC BY-NC licence. Tel: +44 (0)1273 606261 [email protected] wledg wledg o This is an Open Access issue distributed under the terms of the o Postmaster Send all address changes to IDS Bulletin, Gary Edwards, Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial 4.0 International Institute of Development Studies, Library Road, Brighton BN1 9RE, UK. Kn licence (CC BY-NC), which permits use, distribution and reproduction Kn Tel: +44 (0)1273 606261 [email protected] in any medium, provided the original authors and source are credited, any modifications or adaptations are indicated, and the work is not Journal customer services For ordering information, claims and used for commercial purposes. any enquiry concerning your journal subscription please contact http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode Gary Edwards, Institute of Development Studies, Library Road, Brighton BN1 9RE, UK. Tel: +44 (0)1273 606261 [email protected] Online open access This journal is available online at bulletin.ids.ac.uk. Visit the site to search for articles and authors and register for table Print details Printed in the UK by Nexus Design & Print Ltd, of contents email alerts. 26 Bramber Road, Worthing, West Sussex BN14 8QB, UK. elopment elopment Information for subscribers The IDS Bulletin is published in six issues Delivery terms and legal title Prices include delivery of print journals per year. to the recipient’s address. Delivery terms are Delivery Duty Unpaid Dev Dev (DDU); the recipient is responsible for paying any import duty or Advertising enquiries Gary Edwards, Marketing and Production Officer, taxes. Legal title passes to the customer on despatch. IDS Communications and Engagement Unit, [email protected] ISSN 0265-5012 (print), 1759-5436 (online) orming orming IDS Bulletin © Institute of Development Studies 2018 www.ids.ac.uk ansf IDS is a charitable company limited by guarantee and registered in ansf Tr England (No. 877338). Tr Transforming Development Knowledge Volume 49 | Number 5 | November 2018 Youth Employment and the Private Sector in Africa Editors Seife Ayele, Dominic Glover and Marjoke Oosterom Notes on Contributors iii Clementina Oluwafunke Ajayi In Memoriam vii Introduction: Youth Employment and the Private Sector in Africa Seife Ayele, Marjoke Oosterom and Dominic Glover 1 Ethiopia’s Agricultural Transformation: Agribusiness’ Contribution to Reducing Youth Unemployment Tesfamicheal Wossen and Seife Ayele 15 Labour Casualisation and Youth Employment in Ghana’s Formal Private Sector Gertrude Dzifa Torvikey 31 Uganda’s National Youth Policy and Job Creation for Youth Rita Makumbi 45 Skills Gaps and Mismatches: Private Sector Expectations of Engineering Graduates in Ethiopia Jerusalem Yibeltal Yizengaw 55 Fostering Agribusiness Entrepreneurship for Kenyan Youth through Practice-Based Education John Muchira 71 Navigating Precarious Livelihoods: Youth in the SME Sector in Zimbabwe Simbarashe Gukurume 89 Assessing the Effectiveness of Employment Programmes for Ex-Combatants: A Case Study of Nigeria’s Post Amnesty Programme (PAP) Tarila Marclint Ebiede 105 Glossary 119 Acknowledgements We are grateful for the valuable contributions of colleagues who peer-reviewed the articles in this IDS Bulletin, including Justin Flynn, Eyob Balcha Gebremariam, Shittu Ayodele Ibrahim, Monica Lambon-Quayefio, Phil Mader, Grace Mwaura, Victoria Namuggala, Santiago Ripoll, Patrick Schröder, Maurice Sikenyi, Shova Thapa Karki, Jodie Thorpe, and Thomas Yeboah. We also thank our colleagues Jim Sumberg, Vivienne Benson, Beth Richard, and Alison Norwood for their support with the Matasa Fellows programme and the production of this IDS Bulletin. Funder acknowledgements This issue of the IDS Bulletin was produced in partnership with Mastercard Foundation. Mastercard Foundation works with visionary organisations to provide greater access to education, skills training, and financial services for people living in poverty, primarily in Africa. As one of the largest private foundations, its work is guided by its mission to advance learning and promote financial inclusion to create an inclusive and equitable world. Based in Toronto, Canada, its independence was established by Mastercard when the Foundation was created in 2006. For more information and to sign up for the Foundation’s newsletter, please visit www.mastercardfdn.org. Follow the Foundation at @MastercardFdn on Twitter. Vol. 49 No. 5 November 2018: ‘Youth Employment and the Private Sector in Africa’ DOI: 10.19088/1968-2018.167 Institute of Development Studies | bulletin.ids.ac.uk Notes on Contributors Seife Ayele is a development economist with over 20 years’ experience in research, teaching, and development practice, mainly in Africa and Asia. His work focuses on agricultural innovations and development, technology access and adoption, youth employment, and enterprise development. He is currently a Fellow in the Business,