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Post Office Bldg., Rm. 135, Government Printing Office West 904 Riverside Ave. Washington, D.C. 20402 WASHINGTON, D.C .-Main Interior Bldg., Rm. 2650, 18th (Check or money order must be payable to Superintendent of and C Sts ., NW. Documents.) Maps For maps, address mail orders to Maps Only U.S. Geological Survey, Map Distribution Maps may be purchased over the counter at the following U.S . Box 25286, Bldg. 810, Federal Center Geological Survey offices: Denver, CO 80225 Residents of Alaska may order maps from " FAIRBANKS, Alaska-New Federal Bldg ., 101 Twelfth Ave. U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center 101 Twelfth Ave. - Box 12 " ROLLA, Missouri-1400 Independence Rd. Fairbanks, AK 99701 " STENNIS SPACE CENTER, Mississippi-Bldg . 3101 Factors Affecting Areas Contributing Recharge to Wells in Shallow Aquifers By THOMAS E. REILLY and DAVID W. POLLOCK U.S . GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 2412 U.S . DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S . GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DALLAS L. PECK, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U .S. Government. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1993 For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Map Distribution Box 25286, Bldg. 810, Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Reilly, Thomas E. Factors affecting areas contributing recharge to wells in shallow aquifers / by Thomas E. Reilly and David W. Pollock. p. cm. - (U.S. Geological Survey water-supply paper ; 2412) Includes bibliographical references. Supt. of Docs. no.: 119.13:2412 1 . Groundwater flow. 2. Aquifers. I. Pollock, David W. II. Title. 111 . Series. G131197.7.1345 1993 551 .49-dc20 93-7410 CIP CONTENTS Abstract . .. 1 Introduction . .. 1 Areas Contributing Recharge and Sources of Water to Wells . 2 Previous Related Work . 3 Factors Affecting Areas Contributing Recharge to Wells . .. 4 Method of Analysis . .. 4 Delineation of Areas Contributing Recharge to Wells in Hypothetical Ground-Water Systems . 5 Case 1-Homogeneous System . 5 Well Discharge of 2,000 Cubic Feet per Day from Three Different Screened Intervals . 6 Well Discharge of 10,000 Cubic Feet per Day from Three Different Screened Intervals . 7 Well Discharge of 30,000 Cubic Feet per Day . .. 8 Well Discharge of 30,000 Cubic Feet per Day in the Presence of an Additional Well Discharging 130,000 Cubic Feet per Day . 8 Case 2-Low-Hydraulic-Conductivity Local Confining Unit . 9 Case 3-High-Hydraulic-Conductivity Units . 12 Case 4-Random Distribution of Hydraulic Conductivity . 15 Discussion of Simulation Results . 19 Considerations for the Protection of Ground Water . 19 References Cited . .. 20 FIGURES 1 . Diagram showing the area contributing recharge to a single discharging well in a simplified hypothetical ground-water system . 2 2 . Diagram showing the area contributing recharge to a single discharging well in a simplified hypothetical ground-water system with a stream . .. 3 3 . Map view of hypothetical alluvial valley . 5 4 . Model grid for simplified alluvial-valley system showing stream and well location . 6 5 . Configuration of the water table for the simulated alluvial valley with no ground-water withdrawals . 7 6 . Simulated configuration of the water table and areas contributing recharge for a well discharging at a rate of 2,000 cubic feet per day screened at three different depths . .. 8 7 . Pathlines in the ground-water system with well 1 screened at 125 to 150 feet below the water table and discharging at a rate of 2,000 cubic feet per day . 9 8-10 . Simulated configuration of the water table and area contributing recharge for: 8 . A well discharging at a rate of 10,000 cubic feet per day screened at three different depths . 10 9 . A well discharging at a rate of 30,000 cubic feet per day . 11 10 . Two wells discharging simultaneously: well 1 discharges at a rate of 30,000 cubic feet per day, and well 2 discharges at a rate of 130,000 cubic feet per day . 12 11 . A, Cross section showing area of lateral inflow on finite-difference grid . B, Simulated configuration of the water table and area contributing recharge for a well discharging at a rate of 10,000 cubic feet per day, in the presence of a discontinuous confining unit . .. 13 12,13. Simulated configuration of the water table and area contributing recharge for: 12 . A well discharging at a rate of 10,000 cubic feet per day, with a layer of high hydraulic conductivity at the bottom of the aquifer. 14 13 . A well discharging at a rate of 10,000 cubic feet per day, with a zone of high hydraulic conductivity (500 feet per day) 150 feet thick along the stream . 15 Contents III 14 . Map showing random two-dimensional hydraulic-conductivity distribution in a hypothetical alluvial-valley aquifer . .. ..