Applying Sustainable Urban Energy and Emissions Planning in Southeast Cities Asia Green Energizing Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Environment and Sustainable Development Energizing Green Cities in Ostojic, Bose, Krambeck, Bose, Ostojic, Public Disclosure Authorized Southeast Asia Lim, and Zhang Applying Sustainable Urban Energy and Emissions Planning Dejan R. Ostojic, Ranjan K. Bose, Holly Krambeck, Jeanette Lim, and Yabei Zhang Public Disclosure Authorized Energizing Green Cities in Southeast Asia DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Environment and Sustainable Development Energizing Green Cities in Southeast Asia Applying Sustainable Urban Energy and Emissions Planning Dejan R. Ostojic, Ranjan K. 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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been requested Energizing Green Cities in Southeast Asia • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9837-1 Contents Foreword xv Preface xvii Abbreviations xix Overview 1 Urbanization, Economic Growth, Energy, and Emissions Trends 2 Understanding the Cities: Energy Use and GHG Emissions 5 Sector Diagnostics: Identifying Opportunities 12 The Role of Institutions 16 Governance Mechanisms 18 Next Steps 19 Notes 23 References 23 PART I Urban Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in East Asia and Pacific 25 Chapter 1 Introduction and Background 27 Urbanization, Economic Growth, and Impact on Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions 27 Report Structure 42 Notes 44 References 44 Chapter 2 Understanding the Cities: Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions 47 City Overview 47 City Energy Profile 49 City Emissions Profile 60 Note 65 References 65 Energizing Green Cities in Southeast Asia • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9837-1 v vi Contents Chapter 3 Sector Diagnostics: Identifying Opportunities 67 Public Lighting 67 Transportation 69 City Government Buildings 73 Solid Waste 76 Water and Wastewater 79 Power 82 Identifying City Government Priorities 84 Notes 87 Reference 87 Chapter 4 Governance 89 The Importance of Governance 89 Governance of Energy-Related Issues 89 City-Level and National Energy Programs 92 City Planning 94 Governance Mechanisms 95 Reference 97 Chapter 5 Sustainable Urban Energy and Emissions Planning: The Way Forward 99 City Government Leadership and Commitment to “Green Growth” 101 Energy and Emissions Diagnostics 102 Goal Setting and Project Prioritization 103 Planning 107 Implementation 108 Monitoring and Reporting of Progress 112 The Way Forward 115 Reference 116 PART II Sustainable Urban Energy and Emissions Planning in Three Pilot Cities 117 Chapter 6 Cebu City, the Philippines 119 National Energy Efficiency Strategy 121 City-Level Energy Efficiency Strategy 123 Energy Use and Carbon Emissions Profile 124 Sector Review and Prioritization 127 Recommendations 128 Conclusion 138 Note 138 Chapter 7 Surabaya, Indonesia 139 Energy Efficiency Initiatives 140 Energizing Green Cities in Southeast Asia • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9837-1 Contents vii Energy Use and Carbon Emissions Profile 143 Sector Review and Prioritization 147 Recommendations 148 Conclusion 155 Notes 156 Chapter 8 Da Nang, Vietnam 157 Energy Efficiency Initiatives 159 Energy Use and Carbon Emissions Profile 161 Sector Review and Prioritization 163 Recommendations 166 Conclusion 176 Note 176 PART III Sustainable Urban Energy and Emissions Planning Guidebook: A Guide for Cities in East Asia and Pacific 177 Chapter 9 Introduction to the Guidebook 179 Introduction 179 Why Engage in the SUEEP Process? 179 About This Guidebook 181 Role of the City and SUEEP Scope 183 SUEEP Process Overview 184 Multiple Levels of Engagement 185 Chapter 10 Stage I: Commitment 187 Step 1: Create a Vision Statement 187 Step 2: Establish Leadership and Organization 190 Step 3: Identify Stakeholders and Links 196 Engaging Internal Support 199 Engaging External Support 200 References 202 Chapter 11 Stage II: Urban Energy and Emissions Diagnostics 205 Step 4: Inventory Energy and Emissions 205 Step 5: Catalog Existing Projects and Initiatives 216 Step 6: Assess Potential Energy and Emissions Projects 220 References 225 Chapter 12 Stage III: Goal Setting 227 Step 7: Make the Case for Sustainable Urban Energy and Emissions Planning (SUEEP) 227 Step 8: Establish Goals 234 Step 9: Prioritize and Select Projects 241 References 254 Energizing Green Cities in Southeast Asia • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9837-1 viii Contents Chapter 13 Stage IV: Planning 255 Step 10: Draft the Plan 255 Step 11: Finalize and Distribute the Plan 261 References 263 Chapter 14 Stage V: Implementation 265 Step 12: Develop Content for High-Priority Projects 265 Step 13: Improve Policy Environment 270 Step 14: Identify Financing Mechanisms 279 Step 15: Roll Out Projects 292 References 295 Chapter 15 Stage VI: Monitoring and Reporting 297 Step 16: Collect Information on Projects 297 Step 17: Publish Status Report 304 The Beginning 308 References 308 Appendix A Approach and Methodology 311 Energy Balance Study 311 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Inventory 312 Analysis Using the TRACE 312 Data Validity 313 Mission Activities 313 Additional Reading 315 Boxes 5.1 Developing Da Nang: The Environmental City 104 5.2 Elements of an SUEEP Process 107 9.1 Supplementary Information Used in This Guidebook 183 10.1 Example: Examples of Vision Statements 188 10.2 Case Study: Da Nang, Vietnam—The Environmental City 188 10.3 Case Study: North Vancouver, Canada—100 Year Sustainability Vision 189 10.4 Resources: Resources for Creating a Vision 190 10.5 Case Study: The Barcelona Local Energy Agency 192 10.6 Case Study: Singapore Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change 193 10.7 Case Study: Bangkok’s Steering Committee for Global Warming 194 10.8 Tip: Characteristics of Inclusive Governance 197 10.9 Tip: Understanding Stakeholders 198 10.10 Case Study: Tshwane, South Africa—Joint Stakeholders Partnership 199 Energizing Green Cities in Southeast Asia • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9837-1 Contents ix 10.11 Example: Potential Stakeholders 200 10.12 Case Study: London Energy Partnership 201 10.13 Case Study: Surabaya, Indonesia—Bappeko 202 10.14 Resources: Stakeholder Engagement and External Assistance 202 11.1 Example: Typical Fuel Categories for Energy and Emissions Diagnostics 206 11.2 Example: Typical Sources for Data 208 11.3 Technical Assistance Opportunity: Energy and Emissions Data Collection 209 11.4 Tip: Energy Balance Calculations 211 11.5 Toolkit Reference: Energy Balance and GHG Inventory Spreadsheet 212 11.6 Case Study: Surabaya, Indonesia—Energy Balance 2010 212 11.7 Toolkit Reference: Energy Balance and GHG Inventory Calculator 213 11.8 Tip: CO2 Equivalent 214 11.9 Example: Typical Results from a GHG Inventory 215 11.10 Case Study: Seoul, the Republic of Korea—GHG Inventory 2008 216 11.11 Technical Assistance Opportunity: Tool for Rapid Assessment