P’REPACE. A PRACTICAL and detailed knowledge of Tsetse-flies is essential for the material progress of a large part of Africa. How large a part is affected by these formidable insect-pests may be estimated by a glance at the Map which appears in this “ Handbook.” In order to settle the grave questions which are connected with the transmission of certain insect-borne diseases, it is not sufficient to know that a giveu insect belongs to the genus * Glosaina-or, in other words, is a Tsetse-fly-but, as indicated by the author in his Introduction, it may be of vital importance to know with certainty the species to which it belongs. ‘I. The study of the Tsetse-flies was greatly advanced by the ,+ appearance of Mr. Austen’s Cc Monograph of the Tsetse-Flies,” c: which was published by order of the Trustees of the British ii Museum in 1903. That work has been out of print for some time, and moreover our knowledge of the genus Glossina has considerably increased, during the interval. The present “ Hand- book,” by the same author, is an attempt to bring the subject up to date ; and it is hoped that it has been drawn up in such a way that, in addition to being a reliable contribution to systematic literature, it will prove useful to medical officers and others engaged in the struggle with disease in Africa. SIDNEY F. H,4RMER, Keeper of Zoology. \ BRITISFE MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), LONDON, S.W. March 18th, 1911. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PREFACE . "'111 LIST OF PLATES . vi LIST OB FIGURES IN THE TEXT . vii INTRODUCTION . ix CHAPTER I. THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND DISTRIBUTION OB TSETSR- FLIES (GENUS GLOSSINA) . 1 II. THE EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF THE GENUS GLOSSINA . 9 III. THE FOUR GROUPS INTO WHICH TSETSE-FLIES ARE DIVIDED. -TABLES FOR THE 'DETERMINATION OF GROUPS AXD SPECIES . 18 IV. THE GLOSSINA PALPALIS GROUP . 23 V. THE GLOSSINA MORSITANS GROUP . 48 VI. THE GLOSSINA FUSCA GROUP. 69 VII. THE GLOSSINA BREVIPAI,PIS GROUP . 85 ' LIST OF PLATES. LI$ FIQ. PLATE 1. A Tsetse-f l%ontispiece attitu I. Glossina palpalis, Robineau-Desvoidy. ( d . x 6) . gram] II. Glossinu caliginea, Austen. ( 0 . x 6) . At end 2. Sto?noxys of the III. Glossinapallicera, Bigot. ( 8 . x 6) . ,, 3. HaeyhF;; IV. Gloss&a tacAinoides, Westwood. ( 2 . x 6) . ,, x 4) V. Gloss&a rvwrsitams, Westwood. (2 . x 6) . ,, 4. Pupa of G terior VI. Glossinapallidipes, Austen. ( 2. x 6) . ,, %ifi VII. Glossina longipalpis, Wiedemann. ( 6. x 6) . ,, 5. Pupae of A, G. VIII. Glossinafusca, Walker. ( 2. x 6) . ,, extre Austt IX. Gloss&a brevipalpis, Newstead. ( 6. x 6) . ,, Desv X. Glossina longipen?zis, Corti. ( 0. x 6) . ,, 6. Pupae of I speci New5 Map of Africa south of the Sahara, illustrating the distri- missi bution of Glossina . facing page 8 E, G. enlar 7. Diagram I used Norm-The crossed lines indicate the natural size (length and wing- expanse) ; the vertical line includes the palpi. 8. Left ante Students who are not trained entomologists sometimes find it difficult side to realise the natural size and appearance of an insect from a greatly not T enlarged figure. By viewing such a figure through a pocket lens, held at joint a distance from the object considerably greater than the focal length for magnification, and also at a distance from the eye, there can be obtained 9. Diagram a reduced image of the illustration, which can be made to approximate 10. Diagram very closely to the natural size of the insect. The desired result will be facilitated if the length of the cross-line indicating the wing expanse, 11. Antenna I and that of the line representing the length of the fly, be first compared with the diameter of the lens; before beiug examined in this way, a 12. Antenna I figure should, of course, be inverted. 13. Antenna 14. Distal PI (ven abov LIST OF FIGURES IN THE TEXT. 1. A Tsetse-fly, Gloss&a Zongipelznis, Corti (Somaliland), in resting ispiece attitude, showing the position of the wings. (Partly dia- grammatic. x 4) . 2 4t end 2. Stomoxys calcitrans, L., in resting attitude, showing the position of the wings. (Partly diagrammatic. x 4) _ . 3 ,, 3. Haematopota &tata, Lw. (Tropical Africa), in resting attitude, showing the position of the wings. (Partly diagrammatic. I> x4) . 3 ,, 4. Pupa of Glossina pallidipes, Austen, dorsal aspect (x 12) : a, pos- terior extremity, showing pit and (st) right larval stigma 0 (x 24) ; b, anterior extremity, showing longitudinal seam, which opens to permit the escape of the fly (x 8) . 5 I, 5. Pupae of six species of Tsetse-flies, dorsal aspect, natural sise.- A, G. brevipalpis, Newst. ; B, G. fusca, Walk. (cephalic (lower) II extremity missing) ; C, G. morsitans, Westw.; D, G.palZidipes, Austen; E, G. tachinoides, We&w.; F, G. palpalis, Rob.- >, Desv. (From photographs of actual specimens) . 5 ,, 6. Pupae of six species of Tsetse-flies, dorsal aspect (x 6) : the same specimens as those represented in Fig. 5.--A, G. brevipalpis, Newst. : B. G. fz~sca. Walk. (cenhalic (lower) extremitv We&w. ; D, G. pallidipes, Austen ; Iage S F, G.paZpaZis, Rob.-Desv. (From enlargements of photographs of actual specimens) . 7. Diagram showing nomenclature of external characters of Gbssina, used in description . wing- 8. Left antenna of Gloss&a pallidipes, Austen, 6 , from the inner Bicu1t side (x 60) ; the very minute proximal joint of the arista is reatly not visible in this view ; p, aperture of sense-organ on third Bid at joint of antenna . 12 #h for ained 9. Diagram of thoracic chaetotaxy of Glossina, dorsal aspect (x 10) 16 imate fill be 10. Diagram of thoracic chaetotaxy of Glossina, pleural aspect (x 10) 17 mnse, 11. Antenna of Gloss&a caliginea, Austen (x 30) . 31 pared ‘a~, a 1 12. Antenna of Glossina palpalis, Rob.-Desv. (x 30) . 31 13. Antenna of Glossilza palliceva, Bigot. (x 30) . 36 i ., ’ 14. Distal portion of abdomen of Glossina morsitans, We&w., 6 (ventral aspect), showing (h) hypopygium and the hectors :. aboveit (x 15). Vlll LIST OF FIGURES IN THE TEXT. FIQ. PdQE 15. Distal portion of abdomen of Glossina longipalpis, Wied., d (ventral aspect), showing (h) hypopygium and the hectors aboveit (x 15). 51 16. Antenna of Glossi%a fusca, Walk. (x 30) . 70 17. Distal extremity of & abdomen of (A) Gloss&a fusca, Walk., and (B) G. fuscipkuris, sp. nov. (ventral aspect), showing (h) hypopygia and (hect.) hectors (x 15) . 76 THE insects ( 18. Antenna of GZossi?za Izigvofusca, Newst. (x 30) . 75 Of vital imp0 ii 19. Antenna of Glossina taba?zifoymis, Westw. (x 30) . 82 Tropical Afr best quahfiet 20. Heads of males of (A) Glossina breuipalpis, Newst., (B) G. fusca, Walk., and (C) G. l%edicorunz, sp. nov., dorsal aspect; disseminated showing differences in the size and shape of the head as a palpalis. 1% whole, in the shape of the eyes, and in the length of the palpi(x 10) . 86 cases of the c of the Luang 21. Heads of females of (A) Glossina b~e~ipalpis, Newst., (B) G. fusca, Walk., and (C) G. medico?um, sp. nov., dorsal aspect; localities GI( showing differences in the size and shape of the head as caused grave a whole, in the shape of the eyes, and in the length of the palpi(x 10) . 87 ( Glossina mar time been a~ 22. A Tsetse-fly (Glossina ??zovsitans, Westw., 9 ), before feeding (X 6) ‘33 somiases of , 23. A Tsetse-fly (Glossina morsitans, Westw., P), after feeding, several specie showing abdomen distended with blood (x 6). From a drawing from life, kindly lent by Colonel Sir David Bruce, possibility tk C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S. 93 trypanosomia 24. Distal extremity of 6 abdomen of (A) Glossina bl-euipalpis, insect vector Newst., and (B) G. nzedicoru?n, sp. nov. (ventral aspect), discovery of showing (h) hypopygia and (hect.) hectors (x 15) . 99 appeared to authorities bm from Trypanc point out tha agent of the than one spec be increased. Medical Office a ready mea Tsetse-flies fa present volun In the eig the author’s ‘ these insects, his collaborat Todd, the Iat6 Roubaud, and which is now ‘EXT. P‘IQE ris, Wied., d 1 the hectors . 51 INTRODUCTION. 70 !z, Walk., and -c- showing (h) . 76 TIZE insects described and illustrated in the followings pages are . 7s of vital importance to the prosperity and future development of . 7 a2 Tropical Africa. Until quite lately it was considered by those best qualified to form an opinion that Sleeping Sickness is (B) G. fusea, lrsal aspect ; disseminated solely by the species of Tsetse-fly known as Glossilsa he head as a palpalis. The recent occurrence, however, of a number of isolated ength of the . 86 cases of the disease in the Nyasaland Protectorate and the valley of the Luangwrt River, North-Eastern Rhodesia, in both of which (B) G. fusca, rrsal aspect ; localities G’lossina palpalis is believed to be non-existent, has the head as caused grave suspicion to attach to two other species of Tsetse ength of the . 87 (Glossina worsifans and G. brevipalpis). Experts have for some time been aware that Nagana or other closely similar trypano- feeding (x 6) Y3 somiases of domestic animals can be conveyed by the bites of fter feeding, several species of Tsetse-flies, in&din 6). From a g Glosuiua yalpalis, and the 3avid Bruce, possibility that Trypcmosonza gan&iense, t,he parasite of human . 93 trypanosomiasis, or Sleeping Sickness, may have more than one breviyalpis, insect vector naturally suggested itself ; yet, until the alarming ltral aspect), discovery of the cases referred to, the results of observation 5) .