The History of the Universe in 60 Minutes Max Tegmark, MIT 100dpi Cosmology timeline: 500 BC 2000 AD Overduin & Priester 2001, astro-ph/0101484 1900 Cosmology timeline: 1910 s e Einstein’s theory of gravity i 1920 p o Expanding Universe theoretically possible (Friedmann) r t o s Universe is expanding (Hubble) i y 1930 n g a o l d o s u 1940 y m o e s r v o g r c Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (Gamow) k g u y c n s 1950 n Cosmic Microwave Background predicted (Alpher & Herman) g a i o t i s o y f b l s i n g i o e h r e o l v l s e 1960 m a l o y d s D 1st quasar discovered (Schmidt) a e g o w m r n o c o s l Cosmic Microwave Background detected (Penzias & Wilson) o r t y o i o s c t c x 1970 i e a m a a r t l s m i v o a o v f c o c y i a G n g a r 1980 r r m o Inflation invented (Guth, Linde, Albrecht & Steinhardt) e g l e n s t o s a o p CfA Galaxy Redshift Survey k u u a C m l m e S 1990 s y C CMB anisotropies detected (COBE) o L W c m y Dark energy discovered with supernovae (2 teams), CMB peaks detected c g 2000 Weak lensing detected (4 teams) o 1 l WMAP CMB, SDSS galaxy clustering 2dF galaxy clustering 2 o Planck CMB satellite CMB polarization detected (DASI) m 2010 s o c CMBPOL satellite? JDEM? JWST? LSST? SKA? n o 2020 i s i c e r P Flyabout + SDSS movie Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT [email protected] NEPPSR August 15, 2005 (Graphics from Gary Hinshaw/WMAP team) Brief History of Fluctuation generator the Universe Fluctuation amplifier H o D t en Sm se oo th Co ol Ra re Cl fi um ed py (Graphics from Gary Hinshaw/WMAP team) What do we want Fluctuation generator to measure? Fluctuation amplifier H o D t en Sm se oo th Co ol Ra re Cl fi um ed py (Graphics from Gary Hinshaw/WMAP team) Cosmological ρ (z), G(z,k), P (k), P (k) functions Λ s t Fluctuation generator To 0th order: Fluctuation amplifier H o D t en Sm se oo H th (z) Co ol Ra re Cl fi um ed py (Graphics from Gary Hinshaw/WMAP team) Cosmological ρ (z), G(z,k), P (k), P (k) functions Λ s t Fluctuation generator To 1st order: Fluctuation amplifier H o D t en Sm se oo H th (z) P( C k, o z) ol Ra re Cl fi um ed py (Graphics from Gary Hinshaw/WMAP team) Cosmological functions MATTER BUDGET (Q) INITIAL CONDITIONS OUR TOOLS Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT [email protected] NEPPSR August 15, 2005 Smorga sbord Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT [email protected] NEPPSR August 15, 2005 Measuring expansion Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT [email protected] NEPPSR August 15, 2005 Arthur Geoffrey Walker 1909-? (British; 1935 paper with H P Robertson Alexander showed that F(L)RW Friedmann metric is only 1888-1925 homogeneous & George Lemaître 1894-1936 isotropic metric) (Russian; 1922 paper) (Belgian; indep. 1927 paper) Robertson Weyl Ladenburg Clemence Wigner Gödel Rabi Oppenheimer Cosmic scale factor a(t) t [ G i g a y e a r s ] The Universe is expanding: •H>0 today •v≈Hr for v«c Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT [email protected] NEPPSR August 15, 2005 Edwin Hubble 1889- (American; 1930 paper) Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT [email protected] Mt. Wilson Observatory 1931 NEPPSR August 15, 2005 Hubble 1929: Riess et al 1996: H≈550 km/s/Mpc H≈70 km/s/Mpc How measure distance & redshift? Cosmic scale factor a(t) t [ G i g a y e a r s ] Standardizable candles (From Saul Perlmutter’s web site) Boom zoom Using galaxy correlations as a standardizable ruler: (Eisenstein, Hu & MT 1998; Eisenstein et al 2005; Cole et al 2005) Boom zoom Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT [email protected] Easiest to understand in real space NEPPSR August 15, 2005 (Bashinsky & Bertschinger, PRL, 87, 1301, 2001; PRD 123008, 2002) (Eisenstein et al 2005, for the SDSS collaboration astro-ph/050112) Boom zoom We’ve measured distance to z=0.35 to 5% accuracy Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT [email protected] NEPPSR August 15, 2005 Big Bang nucleosynthesis as a standardizable clock: stro-ph/0001318 a t al 2000, e Tytler H = dlna/dt, H2 ∝ ρ, Assumes k=0 SN Ia+CMB+LSS constraints Yun Wang & MT 2004, PRL 92, 241302 Measuring clustering Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT [email protected] NEPPSR August 15, 2005 0302496 h/ ro-p t s CMBa on, t l i m a H & a t -Cos ra i ve i l O History rk, de a m g e T from p a m P A M d W ne a e l round-c g Max Tegmark ore Dept. of PhF ysics, MIT [email protected] NEPPSR August 15, 2005 z = 1000 Boom zoom Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT [email protected] NEPPSR August 15, 2005 1 0 0 z = 2.4 2 l e k e D & e t i h W , n n a m Boom f f u zoom a K , l e g n i r p S , n o s m e L , s Max Tegmark i h Dept. of Physics, MIT t [email protected] a NEPPSR M August 15, 2005 1 0 0 z = 0.8 2 l e k e D & e t i h W , n n a m Boom f f u zoom a K , l e g n i r p S , n o s m e L , s Max Tegmark i h Dept. of Physics, MIT t [email protected] a NEPPSR M August 15, 2005 1 0 0 z = 0 2 l e k e D & e t i h W , n n a m Boom f f u zoom a K , l e g n i r p S , n o s m e L , s Max Tegmark i h Dept. of Physics, MIT t [email protected] a NEPPSR M August 15, 2005 CMB Clusters 1par LSS Lensing movies Lyα Tegmark & Zaldarriaga, astro-ph/0207047 + updates Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT [email protected] NEPPSR August 15, 2005 Cmbgg OmOl Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT [email protected] NEPPSR August 15, 2005 CMB Clusters 1par LSS Lensing movies Lyα Tegmark & Zaldarriaga, astro-ph/0207047 + updates Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT [email protected] NEPPSR August 15, 2005 000619 Galaxy power spectrum measurements 1999 (Based on compilation by Michael Vogeley) Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT [email protected] NEPPSR August 15, 2005 1par LSS movies Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT [email protected] NEPPSR August 15, 2005 Clusters 1par LSS movies Tegmark & Zaldarriaga, astro-ph/0207047 + updates Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT [email protected] NEPPSR August 15, 2005 CMB Clusters 1par LSS movies Tegmark & Zaldarriaga, astro-ph/0207047 + updates Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT [email protected] NEPPSR August 15, 2005 (Figure from Wayne Hu) History (Figure from WMAP team) History 0302496 h/ ro-p t s a on, t l CMBi m a H & a t -Cos ra i ve i l O rk, de a m g History e T from p a m P A M d W ne a e l round-c g ore F Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT [email protected] NEPPSR August 15, 2005 e c n e i c S , 5 0 0 2 Boom r e s zoom i a K & h t u G Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT [email protected] NEPPSR August 15, 2005 CMB Clusters 1par LSS movies Tegmark & Zaldarriaga, astro-ph/0207047 + updates Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT [email protected] NEPPSR August 15, 2005 CMB Clusters 1par LSS movies Lyα Tegmark & Zaldarriaga, astro-ph/0207047 + updates Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT [email protected] NEPPSR August 15, 2005 Lyman Alpha Forest Simulation: Cen et al 2001 LyαF Quasar Boom zoom You Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT [email protected] NEPPSR August 15, 2005 CMB Clusters 1par LSS movies Lyα Tegmark & Zaldarriaga, astro-ph/0207047 + updates Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT [email protected] NEPPSR August 15, 2005 CMB Clusters 1par LSS Lensing movies Lyα Tegmark & Zaldarriaga, astro-ph/0207047 + updates Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT [email protected] NEPPSR August 15, 2005 GRAVITATIONAL LENSING: A1689 imaged by Hubble ACS, Broadhurst et al 2004 Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT [email protected] NEPPSR August 15, 2005 Lensing distorti on Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT [email protected] NEPPSR August 15, 2005 CMB Clusters 1par LSS Lensing movies Lyα Tegmark & Zaldarriaga, astro-ph/0207047 + updates Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT [email protected] NEPPSR August 15, 2005 000619 Galaxy power spectrum measurements 1999 (Based on compilation by Michael Vogeley) Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT [email protected] NEPPSR August 15, 2005 CMB Clusters 1par LSS Lensing movies Lyα Tegmark & Zaldarriaga, astro-ph/0207047 + updates Max Tegmark Dept. of Physics, MIT [email protected] NEPPSR August 15, 2005 But the best is yet to come… Max Tegmark Dept.