GFF ISSN: 1103-5897 (Print) 2000-0863 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/sgff20 Guide for geological nomenclature in Sweden Risto A. Kumpulainen To cite this article: Risto A. Kumpulainen (2016): Guide for geological nomenclature in Sweden, GFF, DOI: 10.1080/11035897.2016.1178666 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11035897.2016.1178666 Published online: 17 Oct 2016. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 123 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=sgff20 Download by: [Sveriges Geologiska Undersokning] Date: 17 November 2016, At: 23:05 GFF, 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11035897.2016.1178666 Guide for geological nomenclature in Sweden Risto A. Kumpulainen (Ed.) Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY This guide provides recommendations on how to introduce formal names for geological units, specifically Received 18 January 2016 lithostratigraphic, chronostratigraphic, biostratigraphic, lithodemic, tectonic and tectonostratigraphic Accepted 12 April 2016 units, as well as for other geological features such as deformational structures and bedrock landforms. The KEYWORDS recommendations apply to Swedish geology but are crafted to harmonize with international practice in Nomenclature; geological nomenclature. lithostratigraphy; chronostratigraphy; biostratigraphy; lithodemic units; tectonic unit and tectonostratigraphic units; structures; bedrock landforms; topostratigraphy; Sweden Preface KVA appointed Risto Kumpulainen as the new chairman and For several years, awareness has been growing within the Swedish Karin Högdahl as the new secretary. During the process Björn geological community of the need to harmonize the principles Berglund retired from the committee. used in Sweden for geological nomenclature with those used Significant contributions from other than the committee internationally, as expressed in various stratigraphic guides. members to the content of the guide were provided from the According to the initial intentions, this guide would contain Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU) through Stefan Bergman, guidelines on how to name units of stratified rocks in Sweden. Benno Kathol and Michael Stephens, and from Peter Bengtson, The types of stratigraphy thought applicable to Swedish geologi- Stefan Bengtson, David Cornell, Mark Johnson, Åke Johansson, cal nomenclature were lithostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, and Johan Kleman and Thomas Lundqvist. Additional comments biostratigraphy; lithodemic and tectonostratigraphic nomencla- were received from Per Ahlberg, Ulf B. Andersson, Per-Gunnar ture were also accommodated. Andréasson, Stig M. Bergström, Mikael Calner, Stefan Claesson, To this end, the Class for Geosciences (Class V) of the Royal Hemin Koyi, Sören Jensen, Katarina Persson Nilsson, and Swedish Academy of Sciences (KVA) decided in 2007 to appoint Stephen McLoughlin. External reviews of the penultimate draft a Committee for Swedish Stratigraphic Nomenclature. The task for were carried out by Johan Petter Nystuen, Oslo, Tõnu Meidla, the committee was to prepare, under the supervision of KVA, a Tartu, and Kari Strand, Oulu. stratigraphic guide. The appointment of a Committee for Swedish Stratigraphic Nomenclatorial background Nomenclature was originally suggested by Stefan Bengtson, Jan Bergström and Maurits Lindström, members of the Class for A number of stratigraphic guides have been prepared in other Geosciences (Class V), KVA. countries, notably (1) the International Stratigraphic Guide A working group with Jan Bergström, David Gee, Karna (Hedberg 1976; Salvador 1994; Murphy & Salvador 1999) under Lidmar-Bergström and Maurits Lindström was appointed to the auspices of the International Union of Geological Sciences, present, to Class V, a list of nominees for such a committee. (2) the North American Stratigraphic Code supervised by the The following committee was then appointed: Jenny Andersson, North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature Björn Berglund, Sten-Åke Elming, Gunnel Johansson, Risto (NACSN 1983, 2005), (3) the rules and recommendations for Kumpulainen (secretary), Karna Lidmar-Bergström, Maurits naming geological units in Norway (Nystuen 1986, 1989) under Lindström (chairman), Kärstin Malmberg Persson, Arne the supervision of the Norwegian Committee on Stratigraphy, (4) Thorshøj Nielsen, Birger Schmitz, Håkan Sjöström, Annika Guidelines and Procedures for Naming Precambrian Geological Wasström and Pär Weihed. Later, Gunnel Johansson was replaced Units in Finland (Strand et al., 2010) after the initiative of the by Åsa Holmér. After Maurits Lindström passed away in 2009, Stratigraphic Commission of Finland; (5) Bengtson (1980, 1981), CONTACT Risto A. Kumpulainen [email protected] © 2016 Geologiska Föreningen 2 R. A. KUMPULAINEN (Ed.) and (6) Bengtson & Martinsson (1988) have published a set new sub-committee, the Swedish Committee for Geological of guidelines for use in Sweden. These documents formed the Nomenclature (SCGN; Svenska geologiska namnkommittén) to primary sources for the preparation of the present guide. monitor the application of the recommendations of this guide. The word stratigraphic in the guide name, as used in most The Committee for Swedish Stratigraphic Nomenclature will be guides, is replaced here with the word geological, enabling the dissolved following the publication of the guide. application of this guide to nomenclature of geological units and On behalf of the Committee for Swedish Stratigraphic features other than stratified rocks Nomenclature The Swedish National Committee for Geology, appointed Risto Kumpulainen by KVA/Class V, has established under its sponsorship a Chairman of the committee Table of contents 6. Name 6.1. Synonyms Preface 6.2. Homonyms Nomenclatorial background 6.3. Approval of geological names by the SCGN 1. Introduction 7. Stratigraphic units 2. Main geological units and structures 7.1. Lithostratigraphic units 2.1. Stratigraphic units 7.1.1. Formation 2.1.1. Lithostratigraphic units 7.1.2. Group 2.1.2. Chronostratigraphic units 7.1.3. Supergroup 2.1.3. Biostratigraphic units 7.1.4. Member 2.1.4. Topostratigraphic units 7.1.5. Bed 2.1.5. Allostratigraphic units 7.2. Chronostratigraphic units 2.1.6. Sequence stratigraphic units 7.3. Biostratigraphic units 2.1.7. Event stratigraphic units 8. Lithodemic units 2.1.8. Magnetostratigraphic units 8.1. Lithodeme 2.2. Lithodemic units 8.2. Suite 2.3. Tectonic units 8.3. Supersuite 2.3.1. Tectonostratigraphic units 8.4. Complex 2.4. Structures 9. Tectonic units 3. Formal and informal units 9.1. Tectonostratigraphic units 3.1 Formal units 9.1.1. Nappe 3.2. Informal units 9.1.2. Nappe Complex 4. Type section, type locality, type area or region 10. Structures 4.1. Type sections References 4.2. Political and administrative boundaries Appendix A. Topostratigraphy 4.3. Principle of priority Appendix B. Tectonostratigraphy: development of the term in 5. Definitions and characterisation Scandinavia and its use in some other connotations Appendix C. Naming of bedrock landforms in Sweden 1. Introduction For stratigraphic terminology, the reader is referred to the The geological nomenclature presented herein deals with a sys- Glossary of Stratigraphic Terms (in Salvador 1994, pp. 105–142). tem of names for (1) units of rock or sediment, which are defined Geological terminology in general is treated by, e.g., TNC (1988) by visible features including composition, depositional structure, and Neuendorf et al. (2011). age, metamorphic grade, chronological order of events and geo- Sweden has a long and strong tradition in stratigraphy. graphic occurrence and distribution, or by magnetic or other Linnaeus (1747) published an accurate and fairly detailed section physical properties, (2) units defined by their tectonic setting. through the classical Lower Palaeozoic succession of Kinnekulle Some advice is also given for naming other large-scale geological of south-western Sweden. Angelin (1851) described character- and certain geomorphological structures and features. istic Swedish fossils in stratigraphic order; the corresponding The names should be stable, understandable, consistent rock units were named after their fossil content. This remained and as self-evident and easy to apply as possible. Stratigraphic common practice until the middle of the 20th century. From nomenclature is not synonymous with stratigraphic terminology the early 19th century onwards, some lithostratigraphic units (see, e.g., Salvador 1994, Chapter 3), a misconception widely containing a geographic name were also established. That became embraced nationally and internationally. Terminology is the set the common practice during the first half the 20th century. Some of terms used in a specific field (such as geology). Nomenclature early studies also gave names to various tectonic features, such is a system for naming specific objects or concepts. This docu- as, orogens, shear zones and other structures. Recently, litho- ment focuses on geological (not only stratigraphic) nomenclature. stratigraphic principles have been applied also to the Quaternary GFF 3 deposits in Sweden (Lagerlund & Björck 1979). A stratigraphic There is a long tradition in Sweden to identify parts of lexicon for Sweden was published by Magnusson (1958). the present land surface as a re-exposed unconformity, the For