Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering E-ISSN: 1982-3932 [email protected] Universidade Federal da Paraíba Brasil Das, Kousik; Mondal, Naba Kumar; Dey, Uttiya; Roy, Palas; Pal, Kartick C. STATISTICAL APPRAISAL OF FLUORIDE ENRICHMENT IN AREAS OF MALDA AND SOUTH DINAJPUR DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL, INDIA Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering, vol. 9, núm. 2, 2015, pp. 119-126 Universidade Federal da Paraíba Paraíba, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=283243518005 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Das, Mondal, Dey, Roy and Pal 119 Journal of Urban and Environmental Journal of Urban and E Engineering, v.9, n.2, p.119-126 Environmental Engineering ISSN 1982-3932 J www.journal-uee.org E doi: 10.4090/juee.2015.v9n2.119126 U STATISTICAL APPRAISAL OF FLUORIDE ENRICHMENT IN AREAS OF MALDA AND SOUTH DINAJPUR DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL, INDIA Kousik Das, Naba Kumar Mondal , Uttiya Dey, Palas Roy and Kartick C. Pal Department of Environmental Science, The University of Burdwan, India Received 10 February 2014; received in revised form 17 November 2015; accepted 19 November 2015 Abstract: The present study was conducted in some randomly selected area of Malda and South Dinajpur district of West Bengal to find out the level of fluoride in groundwater and its association with other inorganic constituents through statistical modeling and chemical indices. Results revealed that the considerable variation of different parameters, among them 7.90% sample showed F- levels beyond the WHO recommended value. Moreover, F- shows positive correlation with Na+ (p < 0.467*) and negative correlation with Ca2+ (p < -0.289) which is again well supported by factor analysis study. From the results of Multiple linear regression model and piper diagram revealed the significant relationship - + 2+ - of F with Na , alkaline pH and Ca and dominancy of F due to high Na-HCO3 enrichment respectively. The higher level of F- in groundwater is the consequence of fluoride containing sedimentary rock weathering. Keywords: Fluoride; Groundwater; Contamination; Statistical modeling; Weathering. © 2015 Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering (JUEE). All rights reserved. Correspondence to: Naba K. Mondal, Tel.: +91 9434545694. E-mail: [email protected] Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering (JUEE), v.9, n.2, p.119-126, 2015 Das, Mondal, Dey, Roy and Pal 120 INTRODUCTION attribute it is of great fundamental interest for research community to introduce exhaustive research on these Ground water quality is prime concern now a day reported areas. Except Birbhum, still now no exhaustive because it’s a soul source for drinking water. About study on occurrence and behavior of fluoride in ground 80% of human disease and 30% of infant mortality in water was previously introduced in any research report. developing countries originating from ground water Therefore, it is immense important to study the ground pollution (Chakraborty, 1999). In the era of global water survey and the present communication was development ground water being contaminated due to dedicated to find out the ground water quality of Malda industrialization, urbanization and from various other and South Dinajpur district, with special emphasis on sources. Although ground water contributes only 0.6% fluoride occurrence and level of significant of of total water resources on earth, from which 80% enrichment with the help of multivariate statistics and accounts rural domestic water needs and 50% contribute chemical indices. In the light of above interest a urban water needs in developing countries like India comprehensive study was done in the target area of (Karthikeyan et al., 2010; Meenakshi & Maheswari, Malda and South Dinajpur district. 2006). Ground water contamination by fluoride was MATERIALS AND METHODS emerging as one of the severe regional problem in India (Karthikeyan et al., 2010). The occurrence of fluoride in Study area ground water depends on geological formation, rock type, solubility of fluorine-bearing minerals, pH, Malda and South Dinajpur is a juncture between north carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinity, temperature, depth and south Bengal. The study is mainly conducted in of the aquifer and ion exchange capacity of aquifer north to north-east part of Malda district and middle to materials of that particular area. Excluding these south, south-east and south-west part of the South environmental factor some anthropogenic activities such Dinajpur district. The study area is confined within as use of phosphatic fertilizers, pesticides, sewage and 88o44′ to 88o35′ E and 25o35′ to 24o40′ N (Fig. 1) with sludge for agriculture also implicate incidence of high an average elevation of 41 meter from average sea fluoride in groundwater. Area where human interference surface level. The climate of that area enjoy the pleasant is negligible, fluoride bearing mineral such as fluorite, temperature, varies between less than 10oC to 35oC in fluoro appetite and mica is reported as a main source of winter and summer along with average annual rainfall fluoride in ground water (Kafri et al., 1989; Lahermo et above 1500 mm. al., 1991; Apambire et al., 1997; Rafique et al., 2008). The topography of this area is mainly of low-low Therefore the area with such dominating types of rock lying plains sloping towards the south in respect with can be suspected as the cause of occurrence of high undulating areas in north-east. The main land is fluoride (Gupta et al., 2012). The possible mechanism characterized by rolling topography, oxidized clayey of dissolution of fluoride in water are due to water sediments (yellowish brown soil) enrich with moderate mineral interaction and water retention time in clay by to high iron concentration. Mature yellowish brown leaching of fluoride from hydroxyl position of soils are belonging from oldest quaternary formations. aluminium containing silicate minerals such as mica, The alluvial plain which is dominated by sediments, chlorite and amphiboles (Kundu et al., 2011). contain mainly sand, silt and clay. The area is devoid of Presence of fluoride in ground water in terms of low hard rock which contains fluorite and fluoro-apetite or high has long being linked to the incidence of dental found in granitic crystalline complexes is long being and skeletal carries (Mondal et al., 2012; Dissanayaka, - linked with fluoride incidence in this area. 1991). Assimilation of F in human body through water is portable up to the level of 1.0 mg/L for development of bones and dental carries (WHO, 1996). Exposure F- at higher level (> 1.5 mg/L) are resulting in fluorosis characterized by initial opaque white patches followed by molting and pitting of teeth’s. Skeletal fluorosis may occur when exposed concentration of fluoride in water was exceed 4.0 mg/L (Mondal et al., 2012; Kundu et al., 2011; Dissanayaka, 1991). About 65 million people including 6 million children of India, particularly from West Bengal have symptoms of fluoride poisoning from ground water. Survey results highlighted that 60 blocks of eight districts of West Bengal viz., Bankura, Bburddhaman, Birbhum, Purulia, Midnapur, Malda and West Dinajpur are fluoride Fig. 1 Study area along with sampling location of Malda and South affected (Chatterjee et al., 2008). In view of this Dinajpur districts. Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering (JUEE), v.9, n.2, p.119-126, 2015 Das, Mondal, Dey, Roy and Pal 121 Sampling and analysis Table 1. Statistical summary of observed results along with WHO guideline value for drinking water Samples were picked up randomly chosen 38 sites of 16 WHO villages (seven villages of Malda and nine villages of Paramter Mean Min. Max. ±SD Guideline South Dinajpur districts) from Malda and South value 2004 Dinajpur district of study area (Fig. 1). All the samples pH 7.55 7.02 8.8 0.34 6.5−8.5 were collected in 300 ml sterilized polypropylene EC 995.79 260 2700 495.76 1000 TA 244.32 60 464 97.38 -- (Turson made) bottles and stored in freezing condition 2- o CO3 68.00 8 320 65.20 -- (temperature < 10 C), by following standard protocols. - HCO3 173.63 12 400 83.43 -- Geographical positions of all the sampling sites are TH 193.63 42 490 118.47 500 recorded during the sampling by using GPS (Model: Ca2+ 17.93 3.52 48.96 10.73 -- GARMIN GPS 12). Study area map with sampling Mg2+ 36.16 3.79 112.46 24.10 -- location points and post map with fluoride distribution Cl- 60.08 1.6 419.9 77.51 250 was constructed by using SURFER 9. Na+ 41.34 16 69 14.41 200 K+ 8.95 1 69 15.49 -- As per standard method pH and electrical - conductivity (EC) was measured in in-situ condition by F 0.87 0.4 1.7 0.30 1.5 Fe2+ 2.53 0.07 21.72 3.49 0.3 PCSTestr 35 (EUTECH). Rest of the parameters were 2- SO4 27.59 4.57 57.17 9.34 250 measured in the laboratory of the Department of TDS 363.14 96.5 862 156.91 1000 Environmental Science, University of Burdwan after + + 2+ 2+ (EC=Electrical conductivity, TA=Total alkalinity, TH=Total preservation and transportation. Na , K , Ca , Mg , hardness, TDS=Total Dissolve Solid, All units are mg/l except pH - 2- - 2- 2+ - Cl , SO4 , HCO3 , CO3 , Fe , F and TDS are measured and EC µS/cm). by following the standard method of APHA, (2005) 21th edition. (TH) parameters are exceeding WHO recommended Fluoride content in ground water was measured by value. Whereas 94.74% of overall water samples using Ion selective electrode (model: Thermo Scientific exceeded the permissible limit of Fe2+.