Working Paper Child Sex Offences Series 1: Child Pornography AmendmentsAuthorship: United Nations to Office the on Drugs Criminal and Crime, Regional Code Office for of Southeast Thailand Asia, Bangkok, Thailand Disclaimer: This Working Paper is a preliminary document that has not been formally edited. It is being circulated in a limited number of copies to stimulate discussion and critical comment on the issues related to the protection of children in Southeast Asia and the Pacific. The views and opinions expressed in this document do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. The designations and terminology employed may not conform to United Nations practice and do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations. 2015 2 Authorship: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Regional Office for Southeast Asia, Bangkok, Thailand Disclaimer: This Working Paper is a preliminary document that has not been formally edited. It is being circulated in a limited number of copies to stimulate discussion and critical comment on the issues related to the protection of children in Southeast Asia and the Pacific. The views and opinions expressed in this document do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, and the designations and terminology employed may not conform to United Nations practice. 3 4 Contents Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................... 7 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 9 Background ............................................................................................................................... 11 Scope ........................................................................................................................................ 12 Limitations................................................................................................................................. 12 Part I – International Legal Frameworks ...................................................................................... 12 1.1 The Convention on the Rights of the Child ................................................................................. 12 1.2 The Optional Protocol to the CRC on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography...................................................................................................................................... 13 1.3 The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime .................................. 13 1.4 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children ............................................................................................................................................. 13 1.5 ILO Convention no 182 on the Elimination of the worst forms of child labour .......................... 13 Part II – Regional Legal Frameworks ........................................................................................... 13 2.1 The Lanzarote Convention .......................................................................................................... 13 2.2 The Budapest Convention ........................................................................................................... 14 2.3 The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child ...................................................... 14 Part III – National Legal Framework ............................................................................................ 14 3.1 Status of ratification of key International and Regional Instruments ........................................ 14 3.2 Criminal Code .............................................................................................................................. 14 3.3 Computer Crime Act ................................................................................................................... 14 3.4 Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act .................................................................................................... 15 3.5 Child Protection Act .................................................................................................................... 15 3.6 Proposed definition of child pornography .................................................................................. 15 Part IV – Comparative Analysis of Legislation from different jurisdictions .................................... 16 4.1 The definition of “child” .............................................................................................................. 16 4.2 Scope of the child pornography definition ................................................................................. 17 4.3 Infant, child and juvenile pornography ....................................................................................... 18 4.4 Criminalisation of the mere possession of child pornography ................................................... 19 4.5 Criminalised access ..................................................................................................................... 20 4.6 Scale of penalty ........................................................................................................................... 21 Part V – Amendments to the Criminal Code of Thailand .............................................................. 22 5.1 The definition of “child” .............................................................................................................. 22 5.2 Scope of child pornography definition ........................................................................................ 22 5.3 Infant, child and juvenile pornography ....................................................................................... 22 5.4 Criminalisation of the mere possession of child pornography ................................................... 22 5.5 Criminalised access ..................................................................................................................... 23 5.6 Scale of penalty ........................................................................................................................... 23 Part VI – UNODC Technical Assistance ........................................................................................ 23 5 Annex 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 25 UN Conventions ......................................................................................................................... 25 Convention on the Rights of the Child .............................................................................................. 25 Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography ................................................................................................. 25 International Labour Organization, Convention No. 182 concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour ....................................................... 26 Regional Instruments ................................................................................................................. 26 Lanzarote Convention ....................................................................................................................... 26 Budapest Convention ........................................................................................................................ 27 African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child ................................................................... 27 Countries ................................................................................................................................... 27 Australia ............................................................................................................................................ 27 Canada .............................................................................................................................................. 29 Finland ............................................................................................................................................... 30 France................................................................................................................................................ 31 Germany ............................................................................................................................................ 32 India .................................................................................................................................................. 34 Ireland ............................................................................................................................................... 35 Israel .................................................................................................................................................. 36 Japan ................................................................................................................................................. 36 Kenya ................................................................................................................................................