TS NOT MEASUREMENT SENSITIVE DOE-HDBK-3010-94 December 1994 DOE HANDBOOK AIRBORNE RELEASE FRACTIONS/RATES AND RESPIRABLE FRACTIONS FOR NONREACTOR NUCLEAR FACILITIES Volume I - Analysis of Experimental Data U.S. Department of Energy AREA SAFT Washington, D.C. 20585 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. This document has been reproduced directly from the best available copy. Available to DOE and DOE contractors from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831; (615) 576-8401. Available to the public from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161; (703) 487-4650. Order No. DE95004712 DOE-HDBK-3010-94 FOREWORD 1. This Department of Energy (DOE) Handbook is approved for use by the DOE and its contractors as an information source. 2. Beneficial comments (recommendations, additions, deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this document should be addressed to: Director, Office of Engineering, Operations, Security and Transition Support (DP-31, GTN), U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C., 20585. 3. The issue of airborne releases of radioactive material from nonreactor nuclear facilities has been a subject of investigation for almost four decades, during which time a large number of individuals have contributed to the current knowledge base. Beginning in the 1960’s, a number of experiments were conducted in the United States and other countries to develop actual data on release potentials. In the late 1970s, the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) sponsored a research program to develop improved methods for realistically evaluating the consequences of major accidents in nuclear fuel cycle facilities. This program culminated in the development of NUREG-1320 (5/88), "Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facility Accident Analysis Handbook." The U.S. DOE began placing an increased emphasis on environmental, health, and safety issues in the mid- to late-1980s. In response to these efforts, the DOE Office of Defense Programs (DP) sponsored the Defense Programs Safety Survey (11/93). One of the objectives of this study was to build upon previous work to "develop consistent data and methodologies for making conservative estimates of basic consequence derivation parameters." As part of this effort, experimental data for airborne release fractions and respirable fractions were summarized and evaluated to estimate reasonably bounding values for physical stresses associated with the experiments. The unique and valuable nature of that compilation has been judged to merit further development as a handbook that can be directly used by technical analysts. 4. This handbook contains (1) a systematic compilation of airborne release and respirable fraction experimental data for nonreactor nuclear facilities, (2) assessments of the data, and (3) values derived from assessing the data that may be used in safety analyses when the data are applicable. To assist in consistent and effective use of this information, the handbook provides: Identification of a consequence determination methodology in which the information can be used; Page i DOE-HDBK-3010-94 Discussion of the applicability of the information and its general technical limits; Identification of specific accident phenomena of interest for which the information is applicable; Examples of use of the consequence determination methodology and airborne release and respirable fraction information. It is acknowledged that the data examined in this handbook is limited to that available during the preparation process. Other data may exist or be developed, and individuals are invited to submit such material for consideration for any future revisions. Page ii DOE-HDBK-3010-94 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This Department of Energy Handbook was prepared by Mr. Jofu Mishima and Mr. David Pinkston of SAIC under the technical direction of Mr. Dae Chung, DOE Office of Defense Programs. No one group of individuals, however, can appropriately take sole credit or responsibility for an undertaking of this magnitude. The preparers would like to gratefully acknowledge the specific authors whose works are referenced in this document and analysts, operators, scientists, and managers throughout the Department of Energy weapons complex and NRC fuel cycle licensee process who have labored for decades to define a context in which this information is meaningful. This broad thanks extends likewise to the large number of individuals who have provided comments on the handbook. Additional individuals involved in the development and refinement of this document merit special mention. Mr. Roger Blond of SAIC was the initiator of this effort under the sponsorship of Mr. Jeff Woody and Mr. Gerald Gears, DOE-DP. The task of editing and word processing this document was performed by William Benton, Collise Bohney, Sandra Marks, Carla Merrill, Elizabeth Owczarski, and Dawn Standley. Beyond the formal comment process used for documents of this type, the following individuals provided valuable technical insights and/or specific reviews of this document in its various stages of development: Dr. Chris Amos, SAIC Mr. John Joyce, WHC Ms. Marcel Ballinger, PNL Mr. Randy Kircher, H&R Tech. Assoc. Dr. Sanford Bloom, MMES-OR Dr. Bob Luna, SNL Dr. Bruce Boughton, SNL Ms. Lenna Mahonney, PNL Dr. Sandra Brereton, LLNL Mr. Bob Marusich, PNL Dr. Donald Chung, Scientech Dr. Louis Muhlenstein, WHC Mr. Chris Everett, SAIC Dr. Louis Restrepo, SNL Dr. Roland Felt, WINCO Mr. Fred Stetson, SAIC Mr. Terri Foppe, EG&G-Rocky Flats Dr. Doug Stevens, LLNL Mr. Abel Garcia, LLNL Mr. Ray Sullivan, SAIC Dr. Norman Grandjean, SNL Ms. Wendy Ting, SAIC Dr. John Haschke, LANL Mr. John Van Kieren, WHC Mr. Hans Jordan, EG&G-Rocky Flats Dr. David Wilson, WSRC One additional special effort merits final mention. In precursor efforts to this document, the DOE Office of Nuclear Safety provided the services of a review panel organized and directed by Dr. Vinod Mubayi, BNL, whose members were Dr. Brian Bowsher, AEA Tech. UK, Dr. Bob Einzinger, PNL, Dr. Jim Gieseke, BCL, and Dr. Dana Powers, SNL. This group reviewed draft versions of this document as well. Page iii DOE-HDBK-3010-94 Page iv DOE-HDBK-3010-94 TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME 1: MAIN TEXT List of Figures .................................................... xii List of Tables ................................................... xiv List of Acronyms ................................................ xviii 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose of Handbook .................................... 1-1 1.2 Source Term Formula .................................... 1-1 1.3 Applicability of Data .................................... 1-7 1.4 Accident Stresses ...................................... 1-10 1.5 Handbook Organization .................................. 1-12 2.0 MATERIALS IN THE GASEOUS STATE 2.1 Noncondensible Gases .................................... 2-1 2.1.1 Summary of Analysis of Data ......................... 2-1 2.1.2 Discussion ....................................... 2-1 2.2 Vapors (Condensible Gases) ................................ 2-2 2.2.1 Summary of Analysis of Data ......................... 2-2 2.2.2 Discussion ....................................... 2-2 3.0 LIQUIDS 3.1 Summary of Analysis of Data .............................. 3-1 3.2 Aqueous Solutions ...................................... 3-7 3.2.1 Thermal Stress: Evaporation and Boiling ................. 3-7 3.2.1.1 Heating Of Shallow Pools ..................... 3-10 3.2.1.2 Heating of Pools ........................... 3-13 3.2.1.3 Additional Evaporation and Bubbling Release Studies . 3-15 3.2.2 Explosive Stress: Shock, Blast, and Venting .............. 3-18 3.2.2.1 Shock Effects ............................. 3-18 3.2.2.2 Blast Effects .............................. 3-19 3.2.2.3 Venting of Pressurized Liquids ................. 3-19 3.2.2.3.1 Venting Below the Liquid Level ........ 3-20 3.2.2.3.2 Venting Above the Liquid Level or Overall Containment Failure ................. 3-22 3.2.2.3.3 Flashing Spray .................... 3-26 3.2.3 Free-Fall Spill ................................... 3-33 Page v DOE-HDBK-3010-94 3.2.3.1 Solutions ................................ 3-33 3.2.3.2 Slurries ................................. 3-35 3.2.3.3 Viscous Solutions .......................... 3-36 3.2.4 Aerodynamic Entrainment and Resuspension .............. 3-37 3.2.4.1 Spray Release From Large Outdoor Pond .......... 3-37 3.2.4.2 Suspension of Liquids From Shallow Pools of Concentrated Heavy Metal Solutions on Stainless Steel ............................. 3-40 3.2.4.3 Estimate of the Resuspension of Liquids From Soil ................................ 3-40 3.2.4.4 Suspension From Soil at Higher Windspeeds ........ 3-41 3.2.4.5 Bounding Assessments ....................... 3-41 3.3 Organic, Combustible Liquids ............................. 3-42 3.3.1 Burning of Small Volume/Surface Area 30% TBP-Kerosine Solutions, No Vigorous Boiloff ....................... 3-43 3.3.2 Pool Fires of 30% TBP-Kerosine ...................... 3-44 3.3.3 Combustion of TBP-Kerosine Solutions Over Pools of Acid, Vigorous Boiloff ................................. 3-44 3.3.4 Airborne Release of Uranium During the Burning of Process Solvent .................................. 3-46 3.3.5 Airborne Release During Combustion of TBP-Kerosine ....... 3-46 3.3.6 UNH and Air-Dried UNH on Various Surfaces During a Shallow Pool Gasoline Fire .........................