FLORA DA RESERVA DUCKE, AMAZONAS, BRASIL: SAPOTACEAE T. D. Pennington1 Sapotaceae Jussieu, A. L., Gen. Pl 151. 1789. Miquel, F. A. W. 1863. In: Martius, Fl. bras. 7: 38-117. Pennington, T. D. 1990. Sapotaceae. Fl. Neotrop. 52: 1-770. Pennington, T. D. 1991. The genera of Sapotaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & New York Botanical Garden. 295p. Trees and shrubs, with latex in the trunk, sometimes extending to cover most of the seed branches and fruit. Indumentum of surface. Embryo with plano-convex cotyledons malpighiaceous hairs. Stipules present or absent. and no endosperm or with thin foliaceous Leaves spirally arranged, alternate and cotyledons and copious endosperm. distichous or rarely opposite or verticillate, About 400 species in the Neotropics, simple, entire. Inflorescence fasciculate, ca. 350 in Africa and ca. 350 in tropical Asia fascicles usually solitary, axillary or ramiflorous and the Pacific. The Sapotaceae are mostly or rarely cauliflorous, occasionally several on denizens of primary lowland rainforest and their short leafless axillary shoots. Flowers bisexual greatest diversity is found in a broad swathe or unisexual (plant monoecious or dioecious). from Venezuela and the Guianas across Sepals 4–6 in a single imbricate whorl, or 2 Brazilian Amazonia to the foothills of the Andes whorls of 3 sepals and then the outer whorl in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, and also in valvate. Corolla cyathiform or tubular, less coastal Brazil. One hundred and two species frequently rotate, gamopetalous, tube shorter are described in this account, which includes than, equalling or exceeding the lobes; lobes 4– all species found in the vicinity of Manaus. 6(–9), entire, lobed or divided into 3 segments, Seventy one species have been recorded from the 2 lateral segments entire, or shallowly or Reserva Ducke. deeply divided. Stamens 4–6(–9), fixed in the Collections in this account from the upper or lower half of the corolla tube, or rarely Smithsonian/INPA Biological Dynamics of free, opposite the corolla lobes, included or Forest Fragments Project (ca. 2º20’ – 2º25’ exserted; anthers often extrorse. Staminodes 0- S, 59º45’ – 60º05’W) situated 50–120 km north 6, in a single whorl alternating with the stamens of Manaus are cited as “PDBFF” (Projeto or fixed in the corolla lobe sinus. Disk annular Dimâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais). or absent. Ovary superior, 1–5(–8)-locular, loculi The numbers of sterile collections refer to 1-ovulate. Fruit a berry or occasionally a drupe, marked trees within several different reserves, pericarp leathery or fleshy. Seeds 1-several, distributed in 3 large cattle ranches. usually with a smooth shining testa, usually free The majority of the illustrations are adapted or occasionally adherent to the pericarp. Seed from Flora Neotopica 52 with permission from scar adaxial or basi-ventral, narrow or broad or the New York Botanical Garden. Key to the genera of Sapotaceae of the Manaus area 1. Calyx of 2 whorls of 3 sepals, those of the outer whorl valvate, corolla lobes divided into 3 segments ............................................................................................................. 1. Manilkara 1. Calyx a single whorl of 4-6 imbricate sepals, corolla lobes simple. 2. Stipules present, well developed, leaving a conspicuous scar. 3. Flowers long-pedicellate, pedicels and calyx reddish, staminodes present, seed with dull rough testa, scar broad, covering 2/3 of seed surface..................... 3. Chromolucuma 1Royal Botanical Gardens. Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, United Kingdom. 252 Pennington, T. D. 3. Flowers sessile, calyx greenish, staminodes absent, seed with smooth shining testa, scar narrow ............................................................................................................ 8. Ecclinusa 2. Stipules absent (except Pouteria stipulifera and P. flavilatex which have minute caducous stipules). 4. Staminodes present, as many as the corolla lobes. 5. Venation craspedodromous or brochidodromous, often with secondary and tertiary veins closely parallel and leaves appearing finely striate, seed laterally compressed, with copious endosperm ............................................................................... 2. Micropholis 5. Venation variable, but not closely parallel and leaves never finely striate, seed shape variable, seed usually without endosperm. 6. Leaves spirally arranged, corolla and staminodes not carnose, stamens nearly always included, stamens and staminodes not inflexed against the style ........................... ......................................................................................... 6. Pouteria (major part) 6. Leaves alternate and distichous, corolla tube and staminodes carnose, stamens exserted, stamens and staminodes strongly inflexed ......................... 4. Sarcaulus 4. Staminodes absent, or if present then fewer than the corolla lobes. 7. Corolla tubular, or campanulate, globose, or cyathiform, stamens included. 8. Ovary usually 2-locular, embryo with plano-convex cotyledons and included radicle, endosperm absent ............................................................ 6. Pouteria (minor part) 8. Ovary 5-locular, embryo with thin foliaceous cotyledons, radicle exserted, copious endosperm present .................................................................... 7. Chrysophyllum 7. Corolla rotate, stamens exserted. 9. Ovary unilocular, loculi with 2 basal ovules, seed scar basal or basi-ventral ......... ........................................................................................................... 10. Diploön 9. Ovary 2-5-locular, loculi uniovulate, ovules axile, seed scar adaxial. 10. Leaves spirally arranged, usually minutely punctate on lower surface (lens), filaments not geniculate at the apex, not strongly narrowed below anther insertion, ovary 2-3-locular, fruit a berry ................................................... 5. Elaeoluma 10. Leaves often opposite or verticillate, not punctate, filaments geniculate at the apex and strongly narrowed below anther insertion, ovary 5-locular, fruit a drupe ..................................................................................................... 9. Pradosia 1. Manilkara the lobes, lobes 6, divided to the base into 3 Manilkara Adanson, Fam. Pl. 2: 166. segments; median segment erect, narrow, 1763. Nom. cons. clawed, clasping the stamen; 2 lateral segments Unarmed trees with sympodial spreading, equalling or slightly exceeding the branching. Small caducous stipules present or median segment, entire or deeply divided. absent. Leaves spirally arranged, clustered at Stamens 6 in a single whorl inserted at the top the shoot apex. Venation brochidodromous, of the corolla tube, free or partly fused to the secondary veins straight, parallel, ascending, staminodes; anthers extrorse. Staminodes 6, looping below the margin and sometimes alternating with the stamens, lanceolate, apex forming a submarginal vein; higher order often lobed or irregularly toothed. Ovary usually venation parallel to the secondaries. 6-locular, puberulous or glabrous; style Inflorescence axillary and in the axils of leaf exserted. Fruit 1-several-seeded, smooth or scars. Flowers fasciculate, bisexual. Calyx of scaly, glabrous, fleshy. Seed ellipsoid to 2 whorls of 3 more or less free sepals, the outer obovoid, strongly laterally compressed, with a whorl valvate. Corolla tube much shorter than hard shining woody testa; scar narrowly Rodriguésia 57 (2): 251-366. 2006 Flora da Reserva Ducke: Sapotaceae 253 elongate, basiventral or adaxial; embryo vertical About 30 species in the Neotropics, ca. 20 with foliaceous cotyledons and an exserted in Africa, and ca. 12 in Asia and the Pacific. radicle; endosperm copious. Three species in Reserva Ducke. Key to the species of Manilkara of the Manaus area 1. Leaf undersurface without obvious appressed indumentum ............................ 2. M. bidentata 1. Leaf undersurface with finely closely appressed or scurfy, whitish, yellowish or golden indumentum, often forming a pellicle 2. Leaves 5–8.5(–12) cm broad, usually broadly oblong or oblong-elliptic, secondary veins ca. 30–35 pairs; petiole 3.5–6.5 cm long; ovary puberulous .......................... 3. M. huberi 2. Leaves 3–4.5 cm broad, oblanceolate, secondary veins ca. 16 pairs; petiole 5–8 mm long; ovary glabrous ....................................................................................... 1. M. cavalcantei 1.1 Manilkara cavalcantei Pires & 22.XII.1994 (fl) Nascimento, J. R. et al. 696 (BM G Rodrigues ex T. D. Penn., Fl. Neotrop. 52: IAN INPA K MBM UB UEC US); 23.IV.1968 (fr) 52, figs. 3, 5. 1990. Fig. 1 a-b Souza, J. A. INPA21202 (INPA); 7.III.1980 (st) Souza, Stipules present, 1.5–2 mm long. Leaves J. A. 17 (INPA); 10.V.1994 (fr) Vicentini, A. et al. 6–12 × 3–4.5 cm, oblanceolate, apex obtuse 527 (INPA K MG MO NY RB SP). to emarginate, base narrowly attenuate, upper Manilkara cavalcantei has the same surface glabrous, lower surface with dense, closely appressed indumentum on the lower closely appressed scurfy, yellowish-brown leaf surface as M. huberi, but it differs from indumentum, midrib sunken on the upper that species in its oblanceolate leaves, with surface, secondary veins ca. 16 pairs. Petiole fewer secondary veins, and shorter petiole. 5–8 mm long, channelled, subglabrous. It is closest to M. paraensis, which is Fascicles axillary, 10-20-flowered. Pedicel not yet recorded from Amazonas (known only 1–1.2 cm long, puberulous. Sepals 3–3.5 mm