LAKE WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE SPOONER LAKE DISTRICT Sponsored by: Spooner Lake Protection and Rehabilitation District and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Assistance by: Spooner Lake District Lake Watershed Management Plan TABLE OF CONTENTS Glossary Chapter 1: Introduction 1-1 1.1. What is a Watershed?.......................................................................................................1-2 1.2. What is Runoff? ...............................................................................................................1-3 1.3. Runoff Water Regulation Driven by Water Quality........................................................1-4 1.4. Water Runoff Management..............................................................................................1-4 1.4.a. Water Quantity.....................................................................................................1-5 1.4.b. Water Quality.......................................................................................................1-6 1.5. Objectives of Watershed Management Planning.............................................................1-6 1.6. Components of Watershed Planning................................................................................1-7 1.7. Updates to the Plan ..........................................................................................................1-7 Chapter 2: Physical Environment 2-1 2.1. Geology............................................................................................................................2-1 2.2. Hydrogeology ..................................................................................................................2-2 2.3. Soils .................................................................................................................................2-2 Chapter 3: Lake Water Quality 3-1 3.1. Lake Ecosystem...............................................................................................................3-1 3.2. Watershed Description.....................................................................................................3-2 3.3. Oxygen Cycle...................................................................................................................3-3 3.5.a. Mixing..................................................................................................................3-3 3.5.b. Stratification.........................................................................................................3-3 3.5.c. Retention Time.....................................................................................................3-4 3.4. Lake Water Quality..........................................................................................................3-4 3.4.a. Water Clarity........................................................................................................3-4 3.4.b. Nutrients...............................................................................................................3-4 3.4.c. Trophic Status......................................................................................................3-5 3.5. Carbonate System ............................................................................................................3-6 3.5.a. Lake pH................................................................................................................3-6 3.5.b. Alkalinity and Hardness.......................................................................................3-7 3.6. Spooner Lake Water Quality ...........................................................................................3-7 Chapter 4: Land Uses and Watershed Impacts 4-1 4.1. General.............................................................................................................................4-1 4.2. Statement of Problems .....................................................................................................4-1 4.3. Land Use ..........................................................................................................................4-2 4.2.a. Delineated Current Land Use (1993) ....................................................................4-2 4.2.b. Delineated Future Land Use (2025)......................................................................4-2 4.2.c. Future Growth ......................................................................................................4-8 4.4. Land Use..........................................................................................................................4-9 Spooner Lake District Lake Watershed Management Plan Chapter 5: Watershed Water Modeling 5-1 5.1. Storm Water Runoff..........................................................................................................5-1 5.1.a. Watersheds...........................................................................................................5-1 5.1.b. Land Use..............................................................................................................5-1 5.1.c. Soils......................................................................................................................1-5 5.2. Storm Water Runoff Quality............................................................................................5-2 5.3. Runoff Water Quality......................................................................................................5-4 5.3.a. Method 1..............................................................................................................5-5 5.3.b. Method 2..............................................................................................................5-6 5.4 Conclusions......................................................................................................................5-7 Chapter 6: Problems and Sources 6-1 6.1. Property Owners ..............................................................................................................6-1 6.1.a. Residences............................................................................................................6-1 6.1.b. Fertilizer Use........................................................................................................6-1 6.1.c. Shoreland Restoration..........................................................................................6-1 6.1.d. Septic Systems .....................................................................................................6-2 6.2. Bird Waste .......................................................................................................................6-2 6.3. Erosion and Sediment Control.........................................................................................6-2 6.3.1 Sources of Sediment ............................................................................................6-3 i. Urban and Rural Areas ....................................................................................6-3 ii. Construction and Manufacturing Sites ............................................................6-3 iii. Shoreline and Stream Channel Erosion..........................................................6-4 iv. Changes in Flow .............................................................................................6-4 6.4 Sedimentation ..................................................................................................................6-5 6.5 Aquatic Plant Growth ......................................................................................................6-5 6.6 Water Level......................................................................................................................6-6 Chapter 7: Community Survey 7-1 7.1 Executive Summary.........................................................................................................7-1 7.2 Methodology....................................................................................................................7-1 7.3 District Results.................................................................................................................7-1 7.4 Visitor Results..................................................................................................................7-4 Chapter 8: Regulations and Existing Information 8-1 8.1. Ordinances .......................................................................................................................8-1 8.2. Zoning Regulations..........................................................................................................8-2 8.3. Sensitive Areas Survey ....................................................................................................8-3 8.4. Aquatic Plant Management Plan......................................................................................8-5 8.5. Washburn County Resource Management Plan ..............................................................8-5 Chapter 9: Watershed Water Quality Recommendations 9-1 9.1. Watershed Water Quality Recommendations..................................................................9-1 9.1.a. Conservation Easements ......................................................................................9-1 9.1.b. Stormwater Ordinances........................................................................................9-2 9.1.c. Constructed Storm Water Treatment Wetlands ...................................................9-3