Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs An Analytical, Critical And Comparative Study Of Anglican Mission In The Dioceses Of Nakuru And Mount Kenya East, Kenya, From 1975. Thesis How to cite: Morgan, James Geoffrey Selwyn (1997). An Analytical, Critical And Comparative Study Of Anglican Mission In The Dioceses Of Nakuru And Mount Kenya East, Kenya, From 1975. MPhil thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 1997 James Geoffrey Selwyn Morgan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.0000fea0 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk (V ^ Cl ^ CS7 a n a n a l y t ic a l , c r it ic a l a n d comparative STUDY OF ANGLICAN MISSION IN THE DIOCESES OF NAKURU AND MOUNT KENYA EAST, KENYA, FROM 1975. The Reverend James Geoffrey Selwyn Morgan Bachelor of Arts (University of Exeter, 1981 ) Postgraduate Certificate in Education (University of Exeter 1982) Certificate in Theology (University of Durham, 1990) A thesis submitted to the Open University m partial ftilfilment of the requirement of the degree of Master of Philosophy Oxford Centre for Mission Studies October 1997 ProQuest Number: 27696845 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 27696845 Published by ProQuest LLO (2019). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLO. ProQuest LLO. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.Q. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 - 1346 ABSTRACT Distinctive and common approaches in the local mission theologies of the Anglican dioceses of Nakuru and Mount Kenya East/Kirinyaga, Kenya during the period from 1975 are compared with other Protestant forms and Roman Catholicism, Pentecostal- type churches and African Instituted Churches. Specific analysis of Anglican liturgy reveals that issues of social justice and political concern have had a major impact on liturgical development and pinpoint the link between mission and worship. The mission of the Anglican Church in Kenya was at its inception Evangelical but has acquired a Catholic emphasis which has affected the use of liturgy. Appropriate theories from Anglican mission and sociology highlight aspects of recent Kenyan history (e.g. independence, decolonialization, ethnic identity, land disputes, development) which influence the course of the CPK (Church of the Province of Kenya) in the areas of Kirinyaga and Nakuru dioceses. The distinctive expression of the East African Revival Movement (Balokole) constitutes areas of commonality in mission theology between Anglicans, Methodists and Presbyterians in the diocesan areas. Anglican distinctiveness is also evident in training contexts and expressed in church leadership and communities by means of the theory and practice of wholistic mission and catechetics in relation to urban and rural cultures. It is argued that a study of the sociology and history of worship aids an understanding of a Kenyan Anglican theory of the church in mission. Various views are critiqued in focussing on the relationship between mission and liturgy. Correlations between the history of liturgical renewal, mission history, and between liturgy and sociology and secularity are examined. These demonstrate the originality of Kenyan Anglican wholistic mission through liturgy. A practical analysis of processes of liturgical change in the CPK, and other churches (using case studies) signals the extent to which the theory and practice of contextualised African Anglican liturgies in the diocesan areas have become indices of the formation of distinctive ecclesiological communities in mission. Therefore the CPK is distinctive in mission among the churches of Kenya through a unique combination of theology, training, ecclesiology, and culture-sensitive liturgy. THE AUTHOR DECLARES THAT NO PORTION OF THE WORK PRESENTED IN THIS THESIS HAS BEEN SUBMITTED IN SUPPORT OF AN APPLICATION FOR ANOTHER DEGREE OR QUALIFICATION OF THIS OR ANY OTHER UNIVERSITY OR OTHER INSTITUTE OF LEARNING CONTENTS Page Title Abstract Declaration 1 Contents }} Acknowledgements Abbreviations used Charts and maps ^ ('hapier Onp. Part One. Introduction; Definitions, sources and methodologies ^ C hapter C^ne Part Two. The Cultural Fields of the Anglican Dioceses of Mount Kenya East/Kirinyaga and Nakuru within the CPK 18 C'hapter Two. An Enquiry into the Distinctiveness of the CPK with reference to the Revival Movement, training and to worship. Part One. The influence of the EARM with reference to liturgy and the CPK Part Two. A survey of the extent to which the CPK assumes a distinctive character in training contexts 67 C hapter Ihree. Ecclesiological and sociological aspects of worship with reference to African liturgy and the CPK: 96 Part One. Criteria for Anglican liturgy in the mission of the CPK 97 Part Two'. From an European sociology to an Afhcan ontology of liturgy 105 Part Three. Liturgy: Issues of African importance 117 Chapter Four. A Practical Analysis of changes in worship in the CPK: Part One. Language, Church and Culture (including case studies) 130 Part Two. Recent Developments in contextualised worship 149 Part Ihree: Dimensions of Change: communion, community and ancestors (a case study) ^ Chapter hive: Conclusions and further areas for research 189 Appendix I (a) 'Decade of Evangelism' Survey & (b) Analysis (91) 198 Appendix II (a) Worship survey & (b) Results (96) 204 Appendix III Analysis of 'Neo-Revivalist' Meeting 208 Appendix IV Analysis of Confirmation service, Kirinyaga diocese 209 Appendix V The 'Ethnic' clashes 210 Appendix V I Nakuru Happy Church Membership Form 212 Appendix V II Example of TEE Test material 214 Bibliography ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Being fortunate enough to spend time on a theological college placement in Nakuru diocese In 1989 (through the Friends of Nakuru of my sponsoring diocese of Chichester) was the spur for this study as a piece of Continuing Ministerial Education. Further to that, without the generous hospitality extended to me by Rt. Revd. Laadan Kamau Mblu and later by the Rt. Revd. Stephen Njlhla Mwangl of Nakuru diocese, and the Most Rev. Dr. David Gltarl, latterly Bishop of Kirinyaga, the research would have of course been Impossible. I have learnt so much from a limited contact with the Kenyan Anglican church that I would like this to be an expression of gratitude to them. I hope that this work can be of Interest or use, and that It may catch somewhat of the spirit of the CPK so that It Is positioned centrally as an example of African Anglican mission. Further to that, I am grateful for the stimulation received from conversations with, and unpublished papers received from African students of the Kenyan church, mainly at the Oxford Centre for Mission Studies. My thanks go to my Director of Studies, Rev Dr Kevin Ward of the Department of Theology and Religious Studies at the University of Leeds and to my supervisors. Rev Dr Chris Sugden, of the Oxford Centre for Mission Studies, and Dr David Cook of Green College, Oxford. Thanks go to Dr Bryson and May Arthur, of St Paul's United Theological College, Llmuru, for their hospitality and stimulus at the end of my stay In 1996. Warm thanks go to my friends. Rod and Else, for allowing me to descend on them periodically In Nairobi, especially for their Ethiopian cuisine. I am also most grateful for the funding from the Board of Mission of the Church of England towards my second visit. Finally, and to a large extent, I thank Fiona, Peter and Edward for their loving support, encouragement and patience. Ill Abbreviations used AMECEA - Association of Members of the Episcopal Church of East Africa (Roman Catholic) ATIEA - Association of Theological Institutions of Eastern Africa BCP - Book of Common Prayer CPK - Church of the Province of Kenya CWME - Council for World Mission and Evangelism DMA - Diocesan Missionary Area EARM - East African Revival Movement EFAC - Evangelical Fellowship in the Anglican Communion KAYO - Kenyan Anglican Youth Organization MCK - Methodist Church in Kenya PBTE - Provincial Board of Theological Education PCEA - Presbyterian Church of East Africa SACTD - St. Andrew's College of Theology and Development TEE - Theological Education by Extension IV Charts and Maps Growth of Mount Kenya East Diocese (from St Andrew's College Prospectus) 1975 1990 Clergy Deaconesses Health worker Figure 1 Growth of Nakuru Diocese (from Rabai to Mumias) 30000T # 25000; 200001 15000I looool 1 e 5000 oW— 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 # Communicants Figure 2 Growth of the CPK 2.0 1.8^82 1.8 1.6 m i 1.4 1 1.2 1 i 1.0 0 0.8 0.ÿ5 n 0.6 s 0.4 V 0.2 o.og? 1 0.00p9' 0.0 from before 1916 • Members Figure 3 Numbers of Anglican Clergy in Kenya 1200 1(gO 1000 800 600 400 IPf 200 1g9 1J0 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 • Clergy Figure 4 VI TEE in the Diocese o f Nakuru TEE in Nakuru- no. of parishes 40 t 30 20 10 12/73 8/76 5/79 2/82 11/84 8/87 5/90 1/93 10/95 73-95 Parishes Figure 5 TEE - no.