ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en Commons Based Production and Value. Contributions to the analytical frame. Autor: Marco Berlinguer Directores: Joan Subirats y Riccardo Bellofiore Institut de Govern i Polítiques Públiques Programa de Doctorat en Polítiques Públiques i Transformació social Commons Based Production and Value. Contributions to the analytical frame. Autor: Marco Berlinguer Directores: Joan Subirats y Riccardo Bellofiore Institut de Govern i Polítiques Públiques Programa de Doctorat en Polítiques Públiques i Transformació social A Mamma da te, per te, con te Cercate ancora Claudio Napoleoni Tutto è lecito! Sì, ma non tutto edifica. Paolo di Tarso Commons Based Production and Value. Contributions to the analytical frame. SUMARI Y 1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................5 1.1 Presentation.........................................................................................................................................5 1.2 The objective of this thesis...................................................................................................................7 1.3 Crossing two theoretical frameworks in construction...........................................................................8 1.3.1 The elusive notion of Commons..............................................................................................................9 1.3.2 The Commons and the critique of the notion of value............................................................................13 1.4 The framing questions.......................................................................................................................17 1.5 Methodological Notes........................................................................................................................19 1.6 The structure of the thesis.................................................................................................................21 1.7 Brief summary of the articles.............................................................................................................23 2. Conclusions...............................................................................................................................27 2.1 Main limitations..................................................................................................................................27 2.2 Main contributions and notes for future research..............................................................................28 2.2.1 Framing a multiplicity of value regimes..................................................................................................29 2.2.1.1. Exploring the potential of digital metrics.....................................................................31 2.2.2 Framing the commons within hybrid configurations...............................................................................33 2.2.2.1. The art of governing heterarchies..............................................................................35 2.3 Bibliography.......................................................................................................................................36 Artículos.........................................................................................................................................47 3. The social economy in Italy: limits and possibilities............................................................49 3.1 Setting empirical parameters.............................................................................................................50 3.2 Questioning the social economy from an Italian perspective.............................................................51 3.2.1 Broadening our understanding of economic activity...............................................................................52 3.2.2 The elusiveness of the social economy and the non-profit sector..........................................................55 3.2.3 The ambivalent relations with the state and capitalism..........................................................................58 3.3 Towards a tentative alternative framework.........................................................................................60 3.4 Three strategies for developing a more radical agenda....................................................................62 3.4.1 Exploring new ‘unconventional competitive advantages’.......................................................................62 3.4.2 Developing autonomous networks and institutions................................................................................63 3.4.3 Redefining codes of value: the case of GDP.........................................................................................64 3.5 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................65 3.6 References.........................................................................................................................................66 4. Investigando nuevas coordenadas de intercambio y de valor. Las comunidades de producción colaborativa entre pares y procomún.................................71 1 Commons Based Production and Value. Contributions to the analytical frame. 4.1 Introducción.......................................................................................................................................72 4.2 Cambio de época y bienes comunes.................................................................................................73 4.3 La investigación sobre producción colaborativa, entre pares y procomún (Commons Based Peer Production) (CBPP)......................................................................................................82 4.4 Métricas de valor................................................................................................................................85 4.5 Elementos de gobernanza y de sostenibilidad..................................................................................90 4.6 Comentarios finales...........................................................................................................................91 4.7 Bibliografía.........................................................................................................................................93 5. Valuing Sharing.........................................................................................................................97 5.1 The rediscovery of the Commons and the success of Open source software...................................97 5.2 Commons and Capitalism: exploring an apparent conundrum..........................................................99 5.3 Linux: the Largest Shared Technology Investment in History..........................................................101 5.4 Further insights from the Linux Case...............................................................................................104 5.5 Android: the fastest-growing technology platform in history............................................................107 5.6 From a two-tiered to a multi-sided approach...................................................................................109 5.7 A look at the economy of data..........................................................................................................111 5.8 Drawing some conclusions..............................................................................................................113 5.9 Bibliography.....................................................................................................................................117 A. Annexos..................................................................................................................................123 A.1 Sostenibilidad de la cultura libre: modelos emergentes en Cataluña.............................................125 B.1 Debate About the Concept of Value in Commons-Based Peer Production....................................185 C.1 Defining, Mapping and Sampling Common-based peer production...............................................203 2 Commons Based Production and Value. Contributions to the analytical frame. ÍNDICE TABLAS Tabla 1. Espacios de presencia/uso de las experiencias CBPP en el entorno digital..................................84 Table 1. Dimensions and Indicators of value..............................................................................................191 ÍNDICE GRÁFICAS - FIGURAS Figure 1: Data and Value in informational capitalism.................................................................................112 Figure 1. Mission accomplishment.............................................................................................................194