A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Saz, Efren B. Working Paper A Comprehensive Assessment of the Agricultural Extension System in the Philippines: Case Study of LGU Extension in Ubay, Bohol PIDS Discussion Paper Series, No. 2007-02 Provided in Cooperation with: Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS), Philippines Suggested Citation: Saz, Efren B. (2007) : A Comprehensive Assessment of the Agricultural Extension System in the Philippines: Case Study of LGU Extension in Ubay, Bohol, PIDS Discussion Paper Series, No. 2007-02, Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS), Makati City This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/127938 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Philippine Institute for Development Studies Surian sa mga Pag-aaral Pangkaunlaran ng Pilipinas A Comprehensive Assessment of the Agricultural Extension System in the Philippines: Case Study of LGU Extension in Ubay, Bohol Efren B. Saz DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 2007-02 The PIDS Discussion Paper Series constitutes studies that are preliminary and subject to further revisions. They are be- ing circulated in a limited number of cop- ies only for purposes of soliciting com- ments and suggestions for further refine- ments. The studies under the Series are unedited and unreviewed. The views and opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not neces- sarily reflect those of the Institute. Not for quotation without permission from the author(s) and the Institute. April 2007 For comments, suggestions or further inquiries please contact: The Research Information Staff, Philippine Institute for Development Studies 5th Floor, NEDA sa Makati Building, 106 Amorsolo Street, Legaspi Village, Makati City, Philippines Tel Nos: (63-2) 8942584 and 8935705; Fax No: (63-2) 8939589; E-mail: [email protected] Or visit our website at http://www.pids.gov.ph A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES: CASE STUDY OF LGU EXTENSION IN UBAY, BOHOL EFREN B. SAZ Institute Of Strategic Research And Development Studies Leyte State University 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGE CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Rationale 1 Objectives 1 Methodology 2 CHAPTER 2 THE SETTING: UBAY, BOHOL Brief History and Location of the Municipality 4 Demographics: Population Size and Growth 6 Population History 6 Household Size 7 Urban and Rual Household population 7 Age and Sex Structure 7 Literacy Rate 8 Labor Force 8 Migration 9 Social and Economic Indicators 9 Family Income and Expenditures 9 Sources of Income 11 Household Income and Expenditure in Irrigated Areas of Ubay 11 Housing and Amenities 12 Other Socioeconomic Indicators 12 Commerce and Trade 12 Transportation and Communication 14 Energy and Water 15 Education, Mass Media, Health and Recreation 16 Public Order and Safety 16 Physical and Agronomic Conditions 16 Land Area 17 Topography and Slope 17 Soil Classification 17 Land Capability Classification 19 Weather and Climatic Conditions 20 Rainfall and Typhoons 20 2 CHAPTER 3 THE STRUCTURE OF AGRICULTURE The Agricultural Population 21 Rural and Farm Population of Bohol 21 Characteristics of Rice Farming Households in Four Irrigated Barangays 22 Number of Agricultural Workers 22 Farmers/ and Fisherfolk Organizations 23 The Farms 24 Total Farm Area, Average Farm Area and Number of Farms 24 Farm Size and Tenure in Ubay 25 Number of Farms by Tenure 25 Comparison of Tenure among Philippines Bohol and Ubay 25 Production and Productivity 27 The Rice Subsector 28 Production and Productivity 28 Technology Adoption and Flow 28 Marketing 31 Productivity and Profitability Impacts 32 Factors Perceived to Affect Yields and Profits 33 The Mango Subsector 34 Scope of the Mango Industry in Ubay 34 Production System 35 The Division of Labor in the Mango Industry 37 Technology Flow 38 Production Costs 39 Marketing 40 Production Constraints 41 Other Subsectors 43 Coconut 43 Rootcrops 44 Corn 44 Legumes 45 Vegetables 45 Poultry and Livestock Subsector 45 Livestock and Poultry Farms and Inventory of Livestock and Poultry 45 Fishery Subsector 47 Marine and Aquaculture Fisheries 47 Fishermen’s Organizations 48 Factors Affecting Sectoral Performance 49 Irrigation 49 3 Prices of Inputs and Access to Capital 50 Technology 50 Land Tenure 51 Markets and Prices 52 Government Support 53 Prospects for the Agriculture Sector 54 Present and Projected Agriculture Production 54 Demand-Supply Balance 55 Projected Demand-Supply Balance 55 Prospects for Rice 56 Prospects for Mango 57 Prospects for Fisheries 57 CHAPTER 4 SUPPORT SERVICES Government Agencies Providing Support Services to Ubay Farmers 59 Central Visayas Integrated Agricultural Research Center 59 Bohol Experiment Station 59 Soil and Water Research and Demonstration Station 60 Ubay Brackish Water Fish Farm 60 Ubay Stock Farm 60 National Irrigation Administration 60 Philippine Carabao Center 61 Philippine Coconut Authority 61 Services Provided by Support Agencies and Organizations 61 Research Services 61 Seed Production 61 Technical Support Services 62 Animal Dispersal 62 Post Harvest Services 63 Credit Services 63 Irrigation 64 4 CHAPTER 5 THE MUNICIPAL EXTENSION SERVICES AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT The Role of LGUs under the Local Government Code 66 The Role of LGU’s Under the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act 68 The Municipal Agriculture Office Personnel 68 The Municipal Agriculture Office Organization Structure 70 Staff Morale 72 Program Planning 72 Program and Personnel Monitoring and Evaluation 73 Programs and Projects 73 Services Provided by the Municipal Agriculture Office 74 Farm Advisory Services 74 Material Input Assistance 74 Institutional Development 74 Facilitative Services 75 Pest, Disease and Force Majeure Surveillance 75 Conflict Resolution 76 Dynamics in the Provision of Agricultural Extension Services 76 Coordination and Complementation among Related Agencies 77 Office Calls 77 Farm Visits 78 Community Organizing 78 Trainings 80 Field Days and Agricultural Fairs 82 Logistics and other operational Supports 82 Facilities and Equipment 82 Transportation and Staff Mobility 82 Linkages 83 Financing 83 Budget of Agriculture 83 Allocation by Item of Expenditure 86 Assessment of Agricultural Services 87 Accuracy 87 Adequacy 87 Timeliness 88 Relevance 88 Equity 89 Knowledge Management in the Local Extension Service 89 What is Knowledge Management 90 5 The Knowledge Management Cycle 91 Knowledge Capture/Creation 91 Best Practice 94 Knowledge Assets 96 Knowledge Sharing and Dissemination 96 Knowledge Sharing the Traditional Way 96 Communities of Practice 98 Communities of Practice in Mango 100 Knowledge Application 102 Organizational Culture 103 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Implications for Knowledge Management in a Localized, Low- resource Extension Delivery System Conclusions 105 Recommendations: Shifting to a Knowledge Management Paradigm in Extension 106 References 110 Appendices 113 6 List of Tables Table No. Page 1 Population growth in Ubay, 1903-2000 6 2 No. of households by age group of HH head and household size, 2000 7 3 Population by sex and age group, 2000 8 4 Population 5 yrs. old and over by sex, residence at present and 5 years ago, 2000 9 5 Poverty Incidence, Philippines, Region 7 and Bohol, 1997 & 2000 10 6 Food thresholds for Philippines, Region 7 and Bohol, 1997& 2000 10 7 Selected housing characteristics, Ubay and Bohol province, 2000 13 8 Selected houshold amenities, Ubay and Bohol province, 2000 13 9 Soil Classification, 2002 19 10 Annual average rainfall, 1997-2001 20 11 Total, rural and farm populations of Bohol, 1971-2000 22 12 Number of agricultural workers, 2000 23 13 An indicative number of associations and members, 2002 23 14 Total farm area and no of farms, Bohol and Ubay, 1903-1991 24 15 Number of farms by tenure, Bohol 1948-1991 25 16 Percent of farms under full ownership and full tenancy, Phil. and Bohol, 1960-1991 25 17 Farm area by tenure, Bohol, 1971-1980 26 18 Number of farms by size, Ubay, 1980-1991 26 19 Number and area of farms by tenure, Ubay, 1980-1991 26 20 Area devoted to crop production, 2000 27 21 Production costs as reported by some Ubay mango planters, 2003 40 22 Major constraints to production ranked by selected planters, 2003 42 23 Area, production and value of production of various crops, Ubay, 2000 45 24 Livestock and poultry farms in Ubay, 2000 46 25 Inventory of livestock and poultry, Ubay,