Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses 1 Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses Part of a series on Jehovah's Witnesses Overview Organizational structure •• Governing Body • Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society •• Corporations History •• Bible Student movement •• Leadership dispute •• Splinter groups •• Doctrinal development •• Unfulfilled predicitions Demographics •• By country •• Beliefs •• Practices •• Salvation •• Eschatology •• The 144,000 •• Faithful and discreet slave •• Hymns •• God's name •• Blood •• Discipline Literature •• The Watchtower •• Awake! •• New World Translation •• List of publications •• Bibliography Teaching programs •• Kingdom Hall •• Gilead School People Watch Tower presidents Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses 2 •• W. H. Conley •• C. T. Russell •• J. F. Rutherford •• N. H. Knorr •• F. W. Franz •• M. G. Henschel •• D. A. Adams Formative influences •• William Miller •• Henry Grew •• George Storrs •• N. H. Barbour Notable former members •• Raymond Franz •• Olin Moyle Opposition •• Criticism •• Persecution • Supreme Court cases by country The eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses is central to their religious beliefs. They believe that Jesus Christ has been ruling in heaven as king since 1914 (a date they believe was prophesied in Scripture), and that after that time a period of cleansing occurred, resulting in God's selection of the Bible Students associated with Charles Taze Russell to be his people in 1919. They also believe the destruction of those who reject their message and thus willfully refuse to obey God[1][2] will shortly take place at Armageddon, ensuring that the beginning of the new earthly society will be composed of willing subjects of that kingdom. The religion's doctrines surrounding 1914 are the legacy of a series of emphatic claims regarding the years 1799,[3] 1874, 1878, 1914,[4] 1918[5] and 1925[6] made in the Watch Tower Society's publications between 1879 and 1924. Claims about the significance of those years, including the presence of Jesus Christ, the beginning of the "last days", the destruction of worldly governments and the earthly resurrection of Jewish patriarchs, were successively abandoned. In 1922 the society's principal journal, Watch Tower, described its chronology as "no stronger than its weakest link", but also claimed the chronological relationships to be "of divine origin and divinely corroborated...in a class by itself, absolutely and unqualifiedly correct"[7] and "indisputable facts", while repudiation of Russell's teachings was described as "equivalent to a repudiation of the Lord".[8] The Watch Tower Society has stated that its early leaders promoted "incomplete, even inaccurate concepts".[9] The Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses says that, unlike Old Testament prophets, its interpretations of the Bible are not inspired or infallible.[10] Witness publications say that Bible prophecies can be fully understood only after their fulfillment, citing examples of biblical figures who did not understand the meaning of prophecies they received. Watch Tower publications often cite Proverbs 4:18, "The path of the righteous ones is like the bright light that is getting lighter and lighter until the day is firmly established" (NWT) to support their view that there would be an increase in knowledge during "the time of the end", as mentioned in Daniel 12:4. Jehovah's Witnesses state that this increase in knowledge needs adjustments. Watch Tower publications also say that unfulfilled expectations are partly due to eagerness for God's Kingdom and that they do not call their core beliefs into question.[11][12][13] Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses 3 Current beliefs Jehovah's Witnesses teach the imminent end of the current world society, or "system of things" by God's judgment, leading to deliverance for the saved. This judgment will begin with false religion, which they identify as the "harlot", Babylon the Great,[14][15] referred to in the Book of Revelation. They apply this designation to all other religions. They do not currently place their expectations on any specific date, but believe that various events will lead up to the end of this "system of things", culminating in Armageddon. Armageddon is understood to include the destruction of all earthly governments by God. After Armageddon, God will extend his heavenly kingdom to include earth.[16][17] They believe that after Armageddon, based on scriptures such as John 5:28, 29, the dead will gradually be resurrected to a "day of judgment" lasting for a thousand years.[18] This judgment will be based on their actions after resurrection, not on past deeds.[19] At the end of the thousand years a final test will take place when Satan is brought back to mislead perfect mankind.[20] The end result will be a fully tested, glorified human race.[21] Presence of Jesus Christ Watch Tower Society publications teach that Jesus Christ returned invisibly and began to rule in heaven as king in October 1914. They state that the beginning of Christ's heavenly rule would seem worse initially for mankind because it starts with the casting out of Satan from heaven to the earth, which according to Revelation 12, would bring a brief period of "woe" to mankind.[22] This woe will be reversed when Christ comes to destroy Satan's earthly organization, throwing Satan into the abyss and extending[23] God's kingdom rule over the earth, over which Jesus reigns as God's appointed king. They believe the Greek word parousia (usually translated as "coming") is more accurately understood as an extended invisible "presence", perceived only by a series of "signs".[24] Witnesses base their beliefs about the significance of 1914 on the Watch Tower Society's interpretation of biblical chronology,[25][26] which is hinged on their assertion that the Babylonian captivity and destruction of Jerusalem occurred in 607 BC.[27] From this, they conclude that Daniel chapter 4 prophesied a period of 2,520 years, from 607 BC until 1914.[28] They equate this period with the "Gentile Times" or "the appointed times of the nations," a phrase taken from Luke 21:24. They believe that when the Babylonians conquered Jerusalem, the line of kings descended from David was interrupted, and that God's throne was "trampled on" from then until Jesus began ruling in October 1914.[29] Secular historians date the event of Jerusalem's destruction to within a year of 587 BC. The Witnesses' alternative chronology produces a 20-year gap between the reigns of Neo-Babylonian Kings Amel-Marduk (rule ended 560 BC) and Nabonidus (rule began 555 BC) in addition to the intervening reigns of Neriglissar and Labashi-Marduk, despite the availability of contiguous cuneiform records.[30] They teach that after the war of Armageddon, Jesus will rule over earth as king for 1000 years after which he will hand all authority back to Jehovah.[31][32] Sign of "last days" Jehovah's Witnesses teach that since October 1914, humanity has been living in a period of intense increased trouble known as "the last days", marked by war, disease, famine, earthquakes, and a progressive degeneration of morality.[33] They also believe their preaching is part of the sign, often alluding to the text of Matthew 24:14, "And this gospel of the kingdom shall be proclaimed in all the world as a witness to all nations. And then the end shall come." (MKJV)[34][35] They claim that various calamities in the modern world constitute proof of these beliefs, such as the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the Spanish flu epidemic in May 1918, the onset of World War II in 1939, and more recently, the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.[36][37][38] Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses 4 Judgment of religion Jehovah's Witnesses believe that in 1918, Christ judged all world religions claiming to be Christian,[39] and that after a period of eighteen months, among all groups and religions claiming to represent Christ,[40] only the "Bible Students" (from which Jehovah's Witnesses developed) met God's approval.[41] Watch Tower Society publications claim that the world's other religions have misrepresented God, and filled the world with hatred.[42] They identify "Babylon The Great" and the "mother of the harlots" referred to in Revelation 17:3-6 as the "world empire of false religion"[43][44] During the final great tribulation, all other religions will be destroyed by "crazed" member governments of the United Nations, acting under the direction of Jehovah.[45][46] Witness publications identify the United Nations as the "beast" to whom the "ten kings" of Revelation 17:12,13 give their "power and authority."[47] History of eschatology Watch Tower Society eschatalogical teachings are based on the earliest writings of Charles Taze Russell, but have undergone significant changes since then. Many of the changes reflect altered views on the significance of the dates 1874, 1914, 1918, and 1925. Early expectations (1871–1881) The Second Adventists affiliated with Nelson H. Barbour expected a visible and dramatic return of Christ in 1873,[48] and later in 1874.[49] They agreed with other Adventist groups that the "time of the end" (also called the "last days") had started in 1799.[50] Soon after the 1874 disappointment, Barbour's group decided Christ had returned to the earth in 1874, but invisibly. Writing in his journal The Herald of the Morning in 1875, Barbour outlined his eschatological views and connected the years 1874, 1878, 1881, and 1914. The "harvest" was to run from 1874 to the spring of 1878, concluding with "the translation of the living saints into the air." 1881 would mark the restoration of the Jews to Palestine, and the period from 1881 until 1914 would see the installation of God's kingdom on earth. Barbour wrote that in the 40 Herald of the Morning published by Nelson H.