THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA UGANDA PARTICIPATORY POVERTY ASSESSMENT PROCESS Second Participatory Poverty Assessment Report DEEPENING THE UNDERSTANDING OF POVERTY National Report December 2002 Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development P.O. Box 8147, Kampala December 2002 i TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................... i LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................ v LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT................................................................................................... vii ABBREVIATIONS AND Acronyms ................................................................................. viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................... x CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................. 1 UGANDA PARTICIPATORY POVERTY ASSESSMENT PROCESS .......................... 1 1.1 introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.2 This Report................................................................................................................ 1 1.3 Uganda: the Country and Poverty Status.................................................................... 2 1.4 Policies for Poverty Eradication and the UPPAP........................................................ 3 1.5 Design and Implementation Process of PPA2 ............................................................ 5 1.6 The Complementary Research Efforts........................................................................ 7 CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................ 9 POVERTY, VULNERABILITY AND POVERTY TRENDS........................................... 9 2.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................... 10 2.2 What is Poverty? ..................................................................................................... 10 2.3 Causes of Poverty.................................................................................................... 15 2.3.1 Overall causes of poverty................................................................................. 15 2.3.2 Context/group-specific causes of poverty......................................................... 20 2.4 Gender Dimensions of Poverty ................................................................................ 23 2.4.1 Gender Roles and Responsibilities ................................................................... 24 2.4.2 Changes in Gender Roles................................................................................. 27 2.4.3 Gender roles and responsibilities and poverty .................................................. 28 2.4.4 Gendered Access to and Control over Resources.............................................. 31 2.4.5 Gendered Access to and Control over Resources and Poverty .......................... 32 2.4.6 Factors that Perpetuate Unequal Gender Relations ........................................... 33 2.5 Seasonality of Poverty............................................................................................. 35 i 2.6 Vulnerable groups face special problems ................................................................. 36 2.7 What determines movement in and out of poverty?.................................................. 45 2.7.1 Downward Mobility......................................................................................... 45 2.7.2 Upward Mobility ............................................................................................. 46 2.8 Poverty Trends ........................................................................................................ 48 2.9 Community Priority Policy Actions for Poverty Reduction...................................... 52 2.9.1 Overall community priorities ........................................................................... 52 2.9.2 Priorities for Specific Categories of the Poor.................................................... 54 CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................... 57 LIVELIHOODS AND THE PLAN FOR MODERNISATION OF AGRICULTURE .. 57 3.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 58 3.2 PMA Priority Implementation Areas........................................................................ 59 3.2.1 Marketing ........................................................................................................ 59 3.2.2 Agricultural Advisory Services ........................................................................ 64 3.3 Livelihoods of Specific Groups................................................................................ 64 3.3.1 Livelihoods in Fishing Communities................................................................ 65 3.3.2 Livelihoods of Estate Workers......................................................................... 72 3.3.3 Livelihoods in Pastoralists Communities.......................................................... 80 3.4 The Non-Sectoral Conditional Grant........................................................................ 85 CHAPTER FOUR............................................................................................................. 88 ENVIRONMENT AND POVERTY................................................................................. 88 4.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 89 4.2 dependence of the poor on the environment ............................................................. 89 4.3 evidence of environmental decline........................................................................... 90 4.4 causes of environmental decline and the poverty- environment relationship............. 91 4.5 access to environmental and natural resources ......................................................... 96 4.6 COMMERCIALIZATION and ENVIRONMENTAL DECLINE ............................ 98 4.7 environmental regulation ......................................................................................... 99 CHAPTER FIVE............................................................................................................. 100 HEALTH AND POVERTY............................................................................................ 100 5.1 POLICY...................................................................................................................... 101 ii 5.2 FINDINGS.................................................................................................................. 101 5.2.1 Poor health leads to poverty and poverty leads to poor health......................... 101 5.2.2 Health Problems ............................................................................................ 103 5.2.3 Accessing Health Services ............................................................................. 104 5.2.4 Impact of the Abolition of Cost-sharing on Access to Health Care ................. 105 5.2.5 Key Health Care Inputs: Drugs ...................................................................... 109 5.2.6 Key Health Care Inputs: Health Personnel ..................................................... 112 5.2.7 Private Health Clinics and Drug Shops........................................................... 113 5.2.8 Specific Service Delivery Issues .................................................................... 113 5.2.9 Health Unit Management Committees (HUMCs) ........................................... 116 5.2.10 Traditional Practices ...................................................................................... 116 5.2.11 Recommendations from the Communities and from Health Workers ............. 117 CHAPTER SIX ............................................................................................................... 119 WATER AND SANITATION ........................................................................................ 119 6.1 Policy and background ................................................................................................ 120 6.2 FINDINGS.................................................................................................................. 120 6.2.1 Bad water causes poverty...................................................................................... 120 6.2.2 Still not enough safe water.................................................................................... 121 6.2.3 Any improvements in the water sector? ................................................................ 122 6.2.4 Operation and Maintenance of Water Sources....................................................... 123 6.2.5 Community recommendations .............................................................................. 123 6.3 SANITATION ...........................................................................................................