International Labour Organization EMPLOYMENT PROMOTION The Relations between Education and Migration in Ukraine Ganna Vakhitova Tom Coupe DECENT WORK TECHNICAL SUPPORT TEAM AND COUNTRY OFFICE FOR CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE The Relations between Education and Migration in Ukraine Ganna Vakhitova Tom Coupe ILO Decent Work Technical Support Team and Country Office for Central and Eastern Europe Copyright © International Labour Organization 2013 First published 2013 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data Vakhitova, Ganna; Coupe, Tom The relations between education and migration in Ukraine / Ganna Vakhitova, Tom Coupe; International Labour Organization, ILO Decent Work Technical Support Team and Country Office for Central and Eastern Europe (DWT/CO-Budapest). – Budapest: ILO, 2013 ISBN: 978-92-2-128181-8; 978-92-2-128182-5 (web pdf) International Labour Office; ILO DWT and Country Office for Central and Eastern Europe labour migration / international migration / migrant worker / educational level / education / equal employment opportunity / remittance / Ukraine 14.09.1 Also available in Ukrainian: Зв’язок між освітою та міграцією в Україні (ISBN 978-92-2-828181-1, Budapest, 2013). This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. ILO publications and electronic products can be obtained through major booksellers or ILO local offices in many countries, or direct from ILO Publications, International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. Catalogues or lists of new publications are available free of charge from the above address, or by email: [email protected] Visit our website: www.ilo.org/publns Printed in Ukraine Project funded by the European Union EU-ILO Project «Effective Governance of Labour Migration and its Skill Dimensions» The publication was developed and printed within the framework of the EU-ILO Project “Effective Governance of Labour Migration and its Skill Dimensions”. For more detailed information contact the Project by e-mail: [email protected] http://ilo.org.ua/ProjectsIloArticles/EU-ILO_Migrant.aspx http://www.ilo.org/budapest/lang--en/index.htm Project Brief: EU-ILO Project in Moldova and Ukraine “Effective Governance of Labour Migration and its Skill Dimensions” This project is implemented by the International Labour Organization in cooperation with Moldovan and Ukrainian tripartite partners, the International Organization for Migration and the World Bank. The project is in the framework of the European Commission’s thematic programme of cooperation with third countries in the areas of migration and asylum. The overall objective of the project is to strengthen Moldova’s and Ukraine’s capacity to regulate labour migration and promote sustainable return, with a particular focus on enhancing human resources capital and preventing skills waste. This publication was printed with the support of the European Union Table of Contents Page List of Figures and Tables ............................................................................................ 7 List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................... 11 Foreword ..................................................................................................................... 13 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 15 Chapter 1: Does the Education System in Ukraine Diminish (Encourage) Labour Outflows by Contributing to Better (Worse) Local Employment Opportunities? ................................................................ 17 1.1 The Importance of Education to Succeed in the Labour Market – A Review of the Literature on Ukraine and Internationally ............................ 18 1.1.1 The Impact of Education on Wage ..................................................... 18 1.1.2 The Impact of Education on Employment ........................................... 19 1.1.3 The Impact of Education on Entrepreneurship ................................... 21 1.2 The Importance of Education to Succeed in the Ukrainian Labour Market – Evidence from the 2009 Wave of the ISSP and the 2007 Wave of the ULMS ........................................................................................ 24 1.3 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 31 Chapter 2: The Direct Impact of a Person’s Education on Migration ........................... 35 2.1 Education and Decision to Migrate – A Review of the Literature on Ukraine and Internationally ................................................ 35 2.1.1 Impact of Education on Propensity to Migrate .................................... 37 2.1.2 Impact of Education on the Choice of a Destination Country ............. 38 2.2 Impact of Education on Migration Decisions – Empirical Evidences ............ 40 2.3 Migration Decisions in 2005–2008 – Evidence from the Ukrainian Labour Force Survey and External Labour Migration Module ................................... 41 5 The Relations between Education and Migration in Ukraine 2.3.1 Propensity to Migrate .......................................................................... 41 2.3.2 Migration Destination .......................................................................... 43 2.3.3 Occupation Abroad ............................................................................. 46 2.3.4 The Migrant’s Legal Status Abroad ..................................................... 51 2.4 Migration Decisions in 2010–2012 – Evidence from Ukrainian Labour Force Survey and Labour Migration Module ................................................. 55 2.4.1 Propensity to Migrate .......................................................................... 55 2.4.2 Migration Destination .......................................................................... 56 2.4.3 Occupation Abroad ............................................................................. 59 2.4.4 The Migrant’s Legal Status Abroad ..................................................... 63 2.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 67 Chapter 3: Willingness and Scope of the Remittances Use on Education by the Recipient Families and Their Impact on the Demand for Education ....... 69 3.1 Remittances and Demand for Education – a Review of the Literature on Ukraine and Internationally....................................................................... 69 3.2 Remittances and Education Expenditures – Evidence from the 2007 Wave of the ULMS ........................................................................................ 76 3.3 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 78 Chapter 4: The Links Between Policy and Legislation Framework in the Area of Migration and Education............................................................................ 79 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 85 Bibliography ................................................................................................................. 89 Annexes Annex A: A Note on Methodology ......................................................................... 99 1. The Impact of Education on Migration Decisions – Evidence from the 2008 Ukrainian Labour Force Survey and External Labour Migration Module ........................................................................................... 99 2. Impact of Remittances on Education Demand .......................................... 100 Annex B: Findings From a Similar Research in Moldova