Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXVII (2016) 79 The Tomb of Meer Buzerg at Barkhan, Balochistan: History and Architecture Shakir Naseer, Waheed Razzaq & Ghulam Farooq Baloch Abstract: District Barkhan is one of the neglected regions of Balochistan in terms of archeological and ethnological investigation, in which it is very rich. Recently in 2013, an exploratory team of Balochistan Study Center, University of Balochistan made a three-day archaeological exploration in Barkhan to record archaeological sites and monuments. Apart from other discoveries, the team also discovered an Islamic Period tomb. But proper documentation was carried out later on by the principal author. The tomb is situated in a small town about 15 km south west of Barkhan city. This is a 17th century tomb erected by the Mughal ruler Jahangir to entomb one of his brave generals who passed away while going to Kandahar. The history of this long march has been written by a Hindu historian Raie Bahadur Lala Aturam in his famous book Tarikh-e-Balochistan in 1903. He has also mentioned this tomb and the information pertaining to the buried personage. Architecturally this monument is octagon in plain. The octagonal architecture resembles the Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam, Multan with its architectural elements as well the tombs of Lal Mara Sharif in DI Khan, Uchchh Sharif in Bahawalpur, and other pre-eminent Muslim Architectural shrines of Pakistan. Keywords: Balochistan, Sooran Barkhan, Tomb, Meer Buzerg, Tombstone, Architectural decoration. Introduction Nomenclature of Barkhan Barkhan has 1317 square miles area and is 1216 History shows that the name of this region kept ft above mean sea level. It is bordered on the east changes from time to time. The present name by Dera Ghazi Khan, on the west by Loralai, “Barkhan” is derived from its Chief’s name Baro north by Musa Khel, and south by Kohlu and Khan who once ruled this valley. When the Dera Bugti districts (Pl. 1.) (Loralai District British occupied this region, it was difficult for Gazetteer 1986: 329). Scattered low hills bound them to pronounce Khan, which as replaced for Barkhan on the north side. The Rakhni stream Kaan and thus the name changes from Baro Khan drain the water from the valley. The Jandran to Barokhaan and then Barkhan. It is also worth range runs on the west and north-west of the mentioning that in Balochi alphabets there is no Barkhan valley, connected with the Suleiman letter of Persian or Urdu Kha and instead it is read Range. The structure of these mountains shows or written as ha, or Ka. It is also possible that the stones at one place and earth, sands and cliffs at Baloch also pronounce it the same way as the other. From distance these mountains look like a Britishers (Sodrohi 2009: 11). ship. Locally this mountain has been termed as Nakhmund means “under the nose.” It is Moreover, Abu-al-Fazal, mentioned (A’in-i- noteworthy that a lot of fossils of sea urchin are Akbari, volume 2/ 166) this valley regarding the lying scattered all over in the foothills of this financial income of the Government of Nakhmund. Different hill torrents such as Han, Swistan/Sibistan (present Sibi) as Chanijah, later Dhaula, Bela Dhaka are flowing from these on Janjah/Junjeh. It is suggested by A.R. Buller ranges (Barkhan District Profile 2011: 5). that at the time of Akbar’s reign, this valley was called as Janjah (Nasir 1998: 21). Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXVII (2016) 80 Archaeological History of Barkhan Beyond this, once a great number of gold coins It is one of the neglected regions of Balochistan were discovered from the areas of Dabar Kot, but where no archaeological explorations took place. today none of them is accessible. Other than this, However, the region is potentially very in 1903, six copper coins were unearthed from productive in terms of archaeological and Barkhan, among which two of them belonged to heritage sites. The present authors have also Sikandar Lodi II (1488-1517). The silver coins observed Chalcolithic and Bronze Age mounds in identified to be of Umayyad Caliph Marwan II, their visit. A thorough and comprehensive survey were obtained in 1903 from Duki area. These and archaeological investigations will surely were struck around ACE 745 (Aturam1986: 52). unfold new cultures and sites in the region, which Recently in 2014, 6 copper coins probably belong will present a new picture from the prehistoric to Kushan dynasty, were also discovered during age to the Islamic period. There are also Islamic an illegal digging of a Muslim cemetery at Ishani graveyards with a large number having different Barkhan. However, these coins were later on carved motifs on both headstones and donated by Wahid Khetran to the Balochistan gravestones. Local Baloch embroidery consists of Study Center Museum, University of stiches sewn onto female clothes resemble the Balochistan, Quetta. motifs engraved on these gravestones. The stones differ in sizes with some are 3 meters tall. There The Tomb of Meer Buzerg (Sooran) are certain headstones shaped like swords, which The historical records suggest that Ameer are lofty, probably represent battles or warriors Khosro, the prince of Mughal Emperor Jahangir, martyred in this valley. chose the route of Barkhan to march towards Kandahar in AH 1010 (AD 1601). During this Throughout Pakistan, Barkhan is the only region march, one of his daring generals, called as Meer where the Geological Survey of Pakistan Buzerg, passed away in Vatakari in Barkhan, and discovered dinosaur’s fossils while doing a was buried here (Nasir 1998: 23). geological mapping and bio-stratigraphic research. This discovery ranked Pakistan among The remains of this tomb are still present with those countries of the world where these fossils some residual crumbling walls (Aturam 1986: were found, after North and South America, 597). This domical structure was built near a Mangolia and China. mosque and the mosque has been built before this tomb long ago some two hundred thirty-one In 1905, Major C. A. Kemball stated that there are years. And during the British period a road was not any such ancient buildings that could constructed alongside of this monument that demonstrate its medieval days, but of course, connects Dear Ghazi Khan to Kandahar, now there are mounds and ruins of mud forts attributed known as Pishin Road. The monument stands tall to Mughal Emperors commonly seen throughout on the fringe of a natural mound (between the district. The early written accounts reveal that 29°45”38.50” N, and 69°26”30.74” E), 17m high once including this valley from Kashmir to from the ground level, occupying an area of 81 m Makran was in command of Hindu Raja, named from east to west, making the monument visible Sihan or Sihar. Subsequently, it can be speculated from 3 km distance (Pl. 4.). This monument was that by the arrival of Mughals the massive Hindu discovered in the beginning of 20th century by rule faced a thrash and came to an end as Raai Bahadur Lala Aturam who mentioned it in suggested by ruins left behind them (Loralai his book Tarikh e Balochistan in 1903 who also District Gazetteer 1986: 44). wrote a brief history of the person and the tomb, Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXVII (2016) 81 reconstructed from the Persian inscriptions, Where a needy (destitute) goes when the merciful is which are no longer there. According to local no more (Pl. 6.). sources, these inscriptions were removed by the British army during the colonial Period. In fact, he was someone very especial to the Besides, it was revisited on 19th December, 2013 emperor that at a place where it could have been by a team of Balochistan Study Center (BSC), quite difficult at that time to contrive such a University of Balochistan and on 5th of January magnificent edifice which is commemorating 2015. him. From the historical annals, it has been confirmed that Meer Massom Bakari was the Temporal Context father of Meer Buzerg. The prescribed date for this cenotaph is based Meer Masoom Bakari (the father of Meer upon three solid evidences i.e. the first one is the Buzerg) was a famous historian of the Mughal Persian inscriptions quoted by Aturam, (Aturam Period. He has written many inscriptions during 1903: 597); the second is the Mughal control over his travels en route India to Kandahar through the these regions (Amanullah: 70-71) and the third is valleys of Sindh and Balochistan. He was an the architectural ornamentation, bearing Mughal unparalleled calligrapher of his time. Because of influences (Pl. 19). However, we do not have the his childhood’s trainings he became a multi- actual Persian inscriptions attached at the tomb talented man. His talents were so high that wall. But through the authentic source of Aturam simultaneously he was a historian, calligrapher, this is dated to the beginning of 17th century. writer, poet and a brave general. Akbar the great Tombstone One did not remain unimpressed by this talented man and that is why, he was made ambassador to On 17th of Ramadan AH 1010 (AD 11-02-1602) Persia (Shafi 1970: 63-4). After his return from on the instruction of the chosen conqueror Hazrat Persia he got ill and died in AD 1610. Later on, Noor-ud-Din Muhammad Jahangir Shah King, he on the order of King Jahangir, an octagonal tomb (the buried) was caused to go to Kandahar and was built over his grave at Sukur, Sindh (Pl. 23). reached this destination at last. This tomb is erected for Meer Buzerg (saint) son of late Nawab The Perimeter Wall of the Tomb Muhammad Bakri (Pl.