University of Huddersfield Repository Anderson, Elizabeth Jane Establishing adult masculine identity in the Angevin royal family c.1140-c.1200 Original Citation Anderson, Elizabeth Jane (2013) Establishing adult masculine identity in the Angevin royal family c.1140-c.1200. Doctoral thesis, University of Huddersfield. This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/18051/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; • A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ ESTABLISHING ADULT MASCULINE IDENTITY IN THE ANGEVIN ROYAL FAMILY c. 1140 – c.1200 ELIZABETH JANE ANDERSON A thesis submitted to the University of Huddersfield in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Huddersfield January 2013 Copyright statement i. 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Such Intellectual Property Rights and Reproductions cannot and must not be made available for use without the prior written permission of the owner(s) of the relevant Intellectual Property Rights and/or Reproductions 2 Abstract This thesis employs a gendered reading of contemporary accounts in order to investigate the Angevin royal family within the framework of medieval concepts of masculinity. The primary focus is the processes involved in the transition from childhood to youth to fully masculine adulthood as experienced by male members of the royal family over two generations. It examines the lived experiences of Henry II and his four sons as well as the ideologies within which their activities and conduct was understood. The aim is to discover any patterns of behaviour that can be seen either to be repeated by other family members or that might have directly or indirectly affected the behaviour of others. This could work either positively or negatively as they went about establishing an adult male status. The emphasis is on the processes by which young males of the royal family established an adult male identity, any problems that might have hampered that process and any events that may have expedited their progression into adult society. Researching not only the kings but also other male members of the royal family allows comparisons between ideal kingly masculinity and the masculine behaviours expected of lesser royal males. There were a wide variety of masculine models including those associated with kingship, royalty, nobility and family relationships. Becoming a man in medieval noble or royal society was not a simple matter of becoming old enough, or physically large or mature enough. Instead it required a display of correct behaviour patterns that persisted throughout adult life. As such it was possible that an individual may never be seen as an adult by his peers or his subjects. This would be detrimental to his ability to perform his social role as a leader. Therefore gender, masculinity or manliness, are vital to our understanding of the every day lives of the men under investigation. 3 Table of Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 3 Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... 4 List of Tables and Figures ............................................................................................... 6 Dedications and Acknowledgements ................................................................................. 7 List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................................... 8 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................. 10 1.1: Establishing Adult Masculinity ............................................................................. 10 1.2: Methodology ..................................................................................................... 11 1.2.1: Terminology ............................................................................................... 11 1.2.2: The Subjects .............................................................................................. 12 1.2.3: Historiography; Gendered History ................................................................. 13 1.2.4: Historiography; Building the Model ................................................................ 17 1.3: Subjects ........................................................................................................... 25 1.3.1: Henry II ..................................................................................................... 27 1.3.2: Henry, the Young King ................................................................................. 28 1.3.3: Richard I .................................................................................................... 30 1.3.4: Geoffrey, duke of Brittany ............................................................................ 32 1.3.5: King John ................................................................................................... 33 1.4: Sources ............................................................................................................ 35 1.4.1: Gesta Stephani ........................................................................................... 36 1.4.2: Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi et Gesta Regis Ricardi .......................................... 36 1.4.3: William of Newburgh .................................................................................... 38 1.4.4: Cronicon Richardi Divisensis De Tempore Regis Richardi Primi (The Chronicle of Richard of Devizes) ............................................................................................... 39 1.4.5: Gerald of Wales .......................................................................................... 40 1.4.6: L'Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal (The History of William Marshal) ................. 41 1.4.7: Court Household and Itinerary of King Henry II ............................................... 42 1.4.8: Other sources ............................................................................................. 42 1.5: The Model ........................................................................................................ 44 1.6: Structure .......................................................................................................... 47 2: Childhood, Education and Dubbing .............................................................................. 49 2.1: Infantia ............................................................................................................ 55 2.2: Pueria: Into the Schoolroom ............................................................................... 59 2.3: Adolescentia: Martial Training ............................................................................. 78 2.4: Dubbing: Entering the Adult world ....................................................................... 86 3: Knighthood: the Knight-Errant in War ......................................................................... 95 4 3.1: Proof in Battle .................................................................................................. 100 3.1.1: Henry II .................................................................................................... 100 3.1.2: Richard I ................................................................................................... 106 3.1.3: John ......................................................................................................... 117 4: Knighthood: the Knight-Errant in Peace ..................................................................... 132 4.1: Proof in Tournament ......................................................................................... 132 4.1.1: Henry the Young