EMBARGO Do not publish or distribute before Thursday 18 April 2019 at 12:00 GMT (14:00 CET) SAFETY AND HEALTH AT THE HEART OF THE FUTURE OF WORK Building on 100 years of experience Building on 100 years of experience SAFETY AND HEALTH THE HEART AT OF THE FUTURE OF WORK ILO Labour Administration, Labour Inspection International Labour Office Tel: +41 22 799 67 15 and Occupational Safety and Health Branch Route des Morillons 4 Fax: +41 22 799 68 78 (LABADMIN/OSH) CH-1211 Geneva 22 Email: [email protected] Governance and Tripartism Department Switzerland www.ilo.org/labadmin-osh SAFETY AND HEALTH AT THE HEART OF THE FUTURE OF WORK Building on 100 years of experience International Labour Office Copyright © International Labour Organization 2019 First published (2019) Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indi- cated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Licensing), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organization may make copies in accor- dance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. ISBN: 978-92-2-133151-3 (print) ISBN: 978-92-2-133152-0 (web pdf) Also available in French: La sécurité et la santé au cœur de l’avenir du travail: mettre à profit 100 ans d’expérience ISBN 978-92-2-133153-7 (print); 978-92-2-133154-4 (web pdf) Geneva, 2019 and in Spanish: Seguridad y salud en el centro del futuro del trabajo: Aprovechar 100 años de experiencia ISBN 978-92-2-133155-1 (print); 978-92-2-133156-8 (web pdf) Geneva, 2019 ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presen- tation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. Information on ILO publications and digital products can be found at: www.ilo.org/publns. Printed in Switzerland ILO Design in Switzerland BIP II Table of contents Introduction .............................................................1 Global trends in safety and health: The picture today ....................................3 Chapter 1: 100 years of safety and health at work ...................................7 1. Why the world needed to respond to accidents and diseases at work 100 years ago ........7 2. The ILO: Founded on the concept of safe and healthy work .............................9 3. Post-Second World War: An increasingly global perspective on OSH .....................12 4. Towards a culture of prevention .................................................. 20 5. ILO and safety and health at work in the new millennium ............................ 23 Chapter 2: A safe and healthy future of work: Challenges and opportunities ...... 29 2.1 Technology .................................................................. 29 Digitalization and ICT ........................................................ 30 Automation and robotics ...................................................... 33 Nanotechnology ............................................................. 34 2.2 Demographics .............................................................. 36 Young workers ............................................................... 37 Aging worker populations ..................................................... 38 Gender ..................................................................... 39 Migrant workers ..............................................................41 2.3 Sustainable development and OSH ............................................. 42 Climate change, air pollution and environmental degradation ....................... 43 The green economy .......................................................... 45 ILO instruments in relation to climate change, sustainable development and OSH .......47 2.4 Changes in work organization .................................................. 48 Excessive hours of work ....................................................... 49 Non-standard forms of employment ............................................ 50 Working time arrangements ................................................... 52 The informal economy ........................................................ 52 The example of digital labour platforms ......................................... 53 Chapter 3: Responding to the safety and health challenges and opportunities of the future of work ..................................... 55 3.1 Anticipation of new OSH risks .................................................. 55 3.2 Multidisiplinarity in managing OSH .............................................. 58 3.3 Building competence on OSH................................................... 59 3.4 Widening the horizon: The link to public health .................................... 60 3.5 International labour standards and other instruments on OSH ....................... 62 National OSH legislation and management ....................................... 63 Governance of OSH .......................................................... 65 3.6 Reinforcing the role of governments and social partners and expanding partnerships .... 67 Concluding remarks .............................................................. 68 References ............................................................ 69 IV Introduction Introduction According to recent estimates released by the work for all – in particular Target 8.8, to protect International Labour Organization (ILO), each labour rights and promote safe and secure year 2.78 million workers die from occupational working environments for all workers, including accidents and work-related diseases (of which migrant workers, in particular women migrants, 2.4 million are disease-related) and an addi- and those in precarious employment. tional 374 million workers suffer from non-fatal occupational accidents. It is estimated that lost work days globally represent almost 4 per cent of the world’s GDP, and in some countries, this rises to 6 per cent or more (Hämäläinen et al, 2017; Takala et al, 2014). Nevertheless, a considerable task remains for Aside from the economic cost, there is an intan- governments, employers, workers and other gible cost, not fully recognized in these figures, stakeholders in building present and future of the immeasurable human suffering caused generations of safe and healthy workers. The by occupational accidents and work-related ILO Global strategy on occupational safety and diseases. This is tragic and regrettable because, health, adopted in 2003, provides a framework as research and practice over the past century for these activities. Crucially, the global burden has repeatedly demonstrated, they are largely of occupational accidents, work-related diseases preventable. and deaths, is a significant contributor to the growing global issue of non-communicable and Psychosocial risks, work-related stress and non- chronic diseases. communicable diseases are of growing concern for many workers in all parts of the world. At the When we look to the future of safety and health same time, many workers remain challenged by at work, we should also take stock of the devel- persistent work-related safety and health risks opments in the past century. During the last and it is important not to overlook the workers 100 years, addressing occupational accidents, who face these risks as we look to the future. work-related diseases and deaths has been increasingly recognized as a major international It is a global imperative that these challenges challenge relevant to achieving social justice and are addressed with effective prevention strate- sustainable development. gies. Achieving effective prevention, however, remains a major challenge in addressing global It is now widely acknowledged that important occupational safety and health (OSH). OSH gains can be made from improving and sharing knowledge and experience concerning Safety and health at work can be key to sus- the extent, causes and prevention of harm arising tainable development and investment in OSH from work and how worker health and wellbeing can help contribute to the achievement of the can be better supported. It is also understood 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and that, while there are enormous national and especially to the achievement of Sustainable regional differences in the ways in which work- Development Goal (SDG) 3, to ensure healthy place hazards and risks are experienced, there lives