Pure Appl. Biol., 8(2): 1051-1061, June, 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2019.80046 Research Article Prevalence, mechanical transmission and impact of environmental conditions on cucumber mosaic disease in Sindh Muhammad Sabir Bhutto1, Jamal-U-Ddin Hajano1*, Abdul Ghani Kandhro1, Zubair Ahmed Nizamani1, Khalid Hussain Dhiloo2, Lemon Kumar3, Khadim Hussain Wagan1 and Aftab Raza Jarwar2 1. Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Crop Protection, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam 70060- Pakistan 2. Department of Entomology, Faculty of Crop Protection, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam 70060- Pakistan 3. Plant Pathology Section, Agriculture Research Institute (ARI), Tandojam70060-Pakistan *Corresponding author’s email: [email protected]; [email protected] Citation Muhammad Sabir Bhutto, Jamal-U-Ddin Hajano, Abdul Ghani Kandhro, Zubair Ahmed Nizamani, Khalid Hussain Dhiloo, Lemon Kumar, Khadim Hussain Wagan and Aftab Raza Jarwar. Prevalence, mechanical transmission and impact of environmental conditions on cucumber mosaic disease in Sindh. Pure and Applied Biology. Vol. 8, Issue 2, pp1051-1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2019.80046 Received: 05/01/2019 Revised: 25/03/2019 Accepted: 29/03/2019 Online First: 05/04/2019 Abstract Cucumber mosaic virus (Genus: Cucumovirus, Family: Bromoviridae) is major pathogen of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in Pakistan and may cause up to 100 % losses. Therefore, this survey based study was planned to determine the disease intensity in fields, mechanical transmission for confirmation of virus and analysis of influence of environmental conditions on the disease development. The disease was monitored on 30 plants at each site in district Hyderabad, Tando Allahyar, Thatta and Shaheed Benazirabad. There were seven sites at each district for observations. Metrological data collected from Regional Agro Metrological Centre, ARI Tandojam Sindh was correlated with the disease intensity. The disease incidence was ranging, 40- 77, 37- 70, 63- 100 and 30- 90%, at district Hyderabad, Tando Allahyar, Thatta and Shaheed Benazirabad, respectively. District wise, there was highly significant variation among incidence of cucumber mosaic disease (Df= 3, F= 20.59, P= 0.0000). Maximum disease incidence was recorded at Thatta (81.0%). However, overall severity of cucumber mosaic in all the surveyed districts was 2-score. On mechanical inoculation, after 15 days necrotic lesions were only found on the leaves of Chenopodium amaranticolor inoculated with sap of symptomatic leaves. Maximum, minimum temperature (℃) and evaporation showed significant relation (r2= 0.883, P= 0.0053, r2= 0.664, P= 0.0482 and r2= 0.827, P= 0.0119, respectively) only with the disease incidence but not with severity. Cloudiness was highly significantly related with disease severity (r2= 0.975, P= 0.0002) but there was non-significant relationship with disease incidence (r2= 0.600, P= 0.0705). Keywords: Cucumber; Disease intensity; Environmental conditions; Mechanical transmission; Mosaic virus Introduction during 2016 cropping season, the crop is Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a famous cultivated in an area of about 3,482 ha with vegetable under family, Curcubitaceae. a total production of 56,204 tons [3]. Cucumber is being grown thought out the Cucumber production is adversely affected world including Pakistan [1, 2]. In Pakistan, by biotic and abiotic factors. Among biotic Published by Bolan Society for Pure and Applied Biology 1051 Bhutto et al. factors, cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) non-persistent manner. Additionally, there (Genus: Cucumovirus, Family: is highly specification among isolates and Bromoviridae) is one of the devastating aphid species to transmit the virus [8, 9]. plant virus with wide host range, spread and The virus is also sap/mechanical causing huge production losses. Such transmissible to the host or indicator plants features are considered to be key factors for [4, 10, 11]. The plants which are parasitic the virus epidemics in host plants. CMV such as dodder (Cuscuta spp.) are also may cause up to 100% losses in susceptible responsible for CMV transmission and in host plant under favourable environmental some cases; it is transmitted through seeds conditions [4]. The CMV’s extensive host [12]. rang contains several species of crops, The disease could be assessed using which play a role as a source of CMV, also descriptive plant material or given pictorial for the spreading of virus the various crops. keys and using modern techniques based on The reports proved that CMV infects about monitoring of infectious organisms [13, 1287 species of plants, which includes 14]. The visual test of a disease in terms of fruits, cucurbits, vegetables, ornamental, severity, incidence is easy, cheap and medicinal and weeds. The most important effectively correlated with losses of yield in affected vegetables by CMV are included the crop [13, 15]. Furthermore, the cucurbits, tomatoes and chillies [5, 6]. infection of viral disease in plant is Plants can be attacked by the virus recognized either by electron microscopy, throughout cropping season but six to eight- ELISA, monoclonal antibody techniques, leaf stage is consider ideal for the attack. Northern, Southern Blotting, PCR/RT- The virus may colonize vascular tissues, PCR, microarray technologies, biosensors, disturb chlorophyll and internode growth of etc., which are widely used for their plants if attack initiated in seedlings. New sensitivity, rapidity and accuracy leaves are slightly mottled, wrinkled and throughout the world [16, 17]. distorted with a slight downward curling of Although using such methodology, the edges. On the older leaves greenish- prevalence of CMV in chilli/pepper is yellow lesions along with leaf veins are investigated throughout Pakistan [18] but induced due to infection of the virus. its spread in cucumber crop is not assessed Leaves are curled downward with wrinkled yet. Such assessment in field conditions is leaf lemina. Eventually, a yellow-green playing critical role for any quantitative mottling develops. Occasionally, only the epidemiological study and is essential base leaf tip turns yellowish without a sharply line for conducting field based experiments defined mottle. After infection, plant in order to provide proficient and reliable growth is stunted with shortened management practice for managing the internodes. In lush growing crops, infected disease even at high disease rick point. vines may wither before showing signs of Furthermore, environmental factors such distortion and may die within seven days. relative humidity, rainfall, temperature are Few fruits are set once infection occurs and shown to interact with development of fruit that does set has a yellow-green mottle CMV and its vector population [19]. on the stem, gradually extending over the Therefore, this survey based study was entire fruit surface, interspersed with dark planned to determine the disease intensity green areas that are usually raised and wart- in fields, mechanical transmission for like. Occasionally, fruit becomes smooth, confirmation of virus and analysis of green-white and blunt at the end. Soggy influence of environmental conditions on pickles and bitter taste are the symptoms in the disease development. cucumber infected by CMV [7]. Materials and methods There are about 75 aphid vector species Hyderabad, Tando Allahyar, Thatta and responsible for transmission of CMV in Shaheed Benazirabad district were selected 1052 Pure Appl. Biol., 8(2): 1051-1061, June, 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2019.80046 for visual assessment of the disease under Results and discussion field conditions at commercial farmer The incidence and severity of cucumber fields. Fields were surveyed with the mosaic disease willingness of farmers to participate in the In district Hyderabad, maximum the survey and easily feasibility to conduct disease incidence 77.0, 73.0 and 63.0% was observation for covering main cucumber recorded at locations of Amar Town-1, growing areas. Fields were managed by Amar Town-2 and New Hyderabad City, growers as recommended production respectively followed by Rahuki-2 and practices. Ten cucumber plants with three Channel (50.0%) (Figure 1). Rahuki-1 replications (N = 30) at each location were locality showed significantly lower observed for the symptoms of the disease. (40.0%) incidence of cucumber mosaic The disease incidence percentage was disease followed by locality of Detha Stop calculated by dividing number of cucumber (47.0%) (Figure 1). Ibrahim Shah-2 plants showing mosaic symptoms with location of district Tando Allahyar showed total number of plants examined for the significantly maximum 70.0% incidence of disease. Severity of the disease was cucumber mosaic disease, followed by measured by using 1-5 rating scale [4]. Khawaja Stop (67.0%), Mirpur Bypass Mechanical transmission of CMV was (63.0%), Tando Allahyar and Bukera Road done on Chenopodium amaranticolor by (57.0%). Minimum incidence of cucumber rubbing the extract on wounded leaves. mosaic disease was recorded 37.0% at CMV infected leave tissues (5g) were location of Keeria Shakh of district Tando collected and crushed in sterilized pestle Allahyar (Figure 2). There was significant and mortar in 10 ml phosphate buffer (2.4 variation in the disease incidence (%) at gm of KH2PO4 and 5.4 gm of KH2PO4 in surveyed locations of district Thatta (Df= 6, one litre water). Carborundum powder was F= 4.19, P= 0.0167). Cucumber crop grown used to provide tiny wounds for entry