Eskdalemuir – Route to a solution Mark-Paul Buckingham Managing Director Presentation Outline . Wind turbines . Eskdalemuir Array and Importance . 2005 Report to EWG . Budget as it stands . Recent discoveries . Route to a solution Who We Are . Xi Engineering Consultants Ltd. formed in 2011 by spinning the Vibration & Engineering Solutions team out of Reactec Ltd. Our focus is noise and vibration. We have provided solutions to many sectors including: . Onshore wind and offshore wind . Tidal stream turbines . Semiconductor industries . Health and occupational safety . Construction, buildings and planning . Marine vessels and boats Physics of Wind turbine vibrations Multiple drivers for vibration . Wind Profile . Random fluctuations in wind . Blade pass pressure fluctuations . Rotor imbalance . Drive train imbalances . Gear meshing frequencies . Electromagnetic resonances Turbine Vibration Modes 0.01 1st Bending tower 0.009 0.008 0.007 Bending ) nd -1 2 A tower 0.006 Forced Blade Blade B 0.005 B tower Bending nd 2 High order breathing Blade C Blade C 0.004 Torsion Breathing z - velocity amp (mm s Axial 0.003 Blade D 0.002 0.001 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Frequency (Hz) Create Seismic Waves 6 CTBTO Eskdalemuir Seismic Array (EKA) and Eskdalemuir Unique MoD resource with unparalleled capabilities for forensic seismology And A region of significant wind resource for potential onshore developments Eskdalemuir Seismic Array . The seismometer array at Eskdalemuir (EKA) has two arms, each of ten seismometers. EKA became operational on the 19th May 1962. Well Calibrated Station . Pre-dates Primary Status . Only site in the UK 9 Eskdalemuir Seismic Array . The array has recorded signals associated with about 400 nuclear explosions (up to 15,000 km away from EKA). Kazakhstan 5,250km , 100t Chemical Pakistan 6,196km, Nuclear . Main seismic signals of interest are P waves with a frequency passsband of 0.5 – 8Hz THERE MUST BE NO RISK TO SAFEGUARDING THE ARRAY 10 Previous work and current EKA safeguards . Seismic Budget defined in 2005 . Based on the work of Schofield (2001) in which seismic measurements near the Stateline wind farm, Washington, USA were taken. Vestas V47 11 Previous work and current EKA safeguards Algorithm used to predict the amplitude of ground vibrations produced by a wind farm is then given as: Variable Comment Value r Distance of wind farm from EKA P Power of turbines in target wind farm N Number of turbines in target wind farm Constants A0 Source term - Amplitude of reference wind farm 24 nm rref Distance of reference wind farm from measurement site 1000 m Pref Power of turbines at reference farm 0.66 MW Nref Number of turbines at reference wind farm 399 f Frequency of mid-point of band pass 4.5 Hz Q Non-geometry attenuation constant 50 v Velocity of ground vibration 2000 m/s 2005 budget and current EKA safeguards . Agreed rationale of doubling median background noise = 0.336nm . Based on ground attenuation i.e. Ground characteristics and distance to array (80km statutory consultation zone reduced to 50km radius) . Based on interacting waveforms (10 +10 = ~14 turbines) . Based on utilisation of turbines (beneficial to developers) . Study was performed at Dun Law wind farm to verify the source term . Calculated at 4.5 Hz as this was deemed to be frequency with low noise and signals observed from wind turbines MOD perspective 2005 Model is fit for purpose Budget Managed on a first come first served basis Budget has been reached - MOD have periodically released the Budget tables which consist of; Table 1 – Developments up to the Seismic Ground Vibration Threshold ~950MW Table 2 – MOD objections ~ 690MW Table 3 – Withdrawn Applications ~ 150MW No proven mitigation Budget as it stands Recent Developments . Multiple Public Inquiries . 2011 study was conducted on an 2.5MW machine . Discovery that Dunlaw data was processed in velocity . Geology not the same at Stateline and Eskdalemuir . When processed in displacement the largest peaks attributable to turbines is not in 4-5Hz range Therefore a review of the current budget tool accounting for the frequency pass band of interest is required. Recent Developments Power spectral density in decibels(dB) from Kelhope 1 site about 2.3 km from Dun Law wind farm. Seismic ground vibration PSD in dB relative to velocity power in units of (m/s)2/Hz (green spectrum) and dB relative to displacement power in units of m2/Hz (red spectrum) Reformed EWG Proposed study in two stages. The purpose of Stage 0 is twofold; 1. Provide the EWG with information to determine whether it is worthwhile pursuing the substantive Stage 1 research envisages in technical proposal Appendix A 2. Provide Valuable input to the drafting of the scope of the substantive Research in Stage 1 Stage 1 Study - Quantify the wind turbine SGV source-term . Validation of data sets and algorithms analysed/verified/developed in Stage 0 . Consider wind direction and wind speed. Compare Craig results with Dun Law (26 times 660KW turbines) SGV data acquired in 2004, and data presented in the Schofield (2000) report from analysis of Stateline wind farm data. Remove background noise . Assess site effects, statistical properties of SGV data (Craig/Dun Law), and the relationship with physical parameters of wind turbines (e.g., rated-power, tower height, blade diameter). Develop an analytic model, based on physics as much as possible, to predict SGV from wind turbines with robust treatment of uncertainty. Consider whether the “utilisation” factor (currently 60% in the Styles Model) needs revisiting . Safeguarding management model/software tool. Getting there . End July stage 0 reporting – is their likely to be additional budget? . As yet undefined Stage 1 to follow . Current estimates indicate that the science may be resolved by early 2014 . Policy to follow Contact Dr Mark-Paul Buckingham Xi Engineering Consultants www.Xiengineering.com [email protected] 0131 247 7580 21 No risk to safeguarding . Xi (then Reactec) developed a mitigation technology as understood safeguarding required for the EKA *Patent granted, Europe, US, The Aviation Challenge Mark A Van Vogt © Copyright 2013 The Aviation Challenge • Introduction. • UK Airspace - a Finite Resource. • Impact Upon Primary Surveillance Radar. • MOD Perspectives. • Conclusion. © Copyright 2013 UK Airspace - Construct • UK Airspace - 1964/Today. • Controlled Airspace. • Non-controlled Airspace. © Copyright 2013 UK Controlled Airspace © Copyright 2013 UK Airways Structure 50 Years Ago © www.wiknton.net © Copyright 2013 UK Controlled Airspace Today © NATS © Copyright 2013 Non-controlled Airspace Users Image Copyrights: airbus.com, MOD, civilaviation.co.uk, frogwell.com, aircardets.org, BBC, The Met Office © Copyright 2013 UK Airspace - Non-controlled Airspace © Copyright 2013 PSR Clutter and ATM © MOD © Copyright 2013 Impact on PSR and ATM © Jackson, C, BAE Systems. © Copyright 2013 MOD - Air Defence © Telegraph Media Group / MOD © Copyright 2013 MOD - Low Flying • Political and operational landscape. • The UK Military Low Flying System. • Balancing the requirement for operational low flying. • Quality versus quantity. • To object or not object; that is the question. © MOD © Copyright 2013 Unlocking Capacity Potential Ways Forward: • Greater Cross-Government Co-operation…. • Mitigation Solution Development… • A “Secondary” Way… © Copyright 2013 Conclusion • UK Airspace - a Finite Resource. • The Impact Upon Primary Surveillance Radar. • MOD Perspectives. © Copyright 2013 Mark A Van Vogt MA MRAeS FInstLM MCMI Aviation/ATM Principal [email protected] 07794085211 © Copyright 2013 SP Transmission Delivering Infrastructure for Renewables Colin Taylor Head of Transmission Programmes RIIO-T1 Overview Investment Plan based on nationally agreed central scenario (Gone Green) £1.3bn (~ 65%) of investment provides connections & capacity for wind generation Large Increase in offshore & onshore wind generation Base case investment delivers MWs and boundary capacity in line with Gone Green scenario Increased import capacity will further enhance security of supply for Scotland Flexibility to fund investment over and above Gone Green if required £0.8bn (~ 35% )of investment needed to modernise the network by 2020 Majority of 275kV network over 40 years old Significant sections of 132kV network over 60 years old Strong Incentives for Delivery - By 2020 we will: Increase transmission capacity to England to 6.6GW (now 2.8GW) – a further 2.GW+ (ECHVDC) triggered by submission to Ofgem Connect a further 2.5 GW of wind generation (total of 4.4GW ) to align with Gone Green scenario - revenue driver to fund up to 7GW if required 15% of our substation assets renewed Replaced over 800 circuit km of overhead line – modern transformers and conductors increase transfer capability Delivering Energy Policy Meeting the Delivery Challenge Using the latest technologies • Getting the most out of existing assets • Installation of shunt and series capacitors • Use of advanced inter-tripping technologies to facilitate higher transfers • HVDC “bootstraps” Market • Developing the capacity and capability of the supplier base • Attracting new suppliers • Changing the contractual model People • Developing existing staff and recruiting staff with the necessary skills • Significant graduate and apprentice programmes to grow our own workforce • Increase in staff focused on transmission activities since 2011 of circa 200 Stakeholders • Government communities and landowners • Strong focus on consents with Scottish Government