CHAPTER NINE PRONOUNS g.!. Introduction . With the substantives, proper names, adjectives and numerals the pronouns have in common that they take part in the categories of case. They can, however, not be reckoned to belong to any of these systems, because they are different from: substantives and proper names a.o. by the absence of the vocative category;' adjectives by the absence of the vocative and the categories of comparison; 2 numerals a.o. by the absence of the ordinal category." Moreover, they differ from all Greek words existing by their special kind of lexical meaning, the deictic meaning, in which one can distinguish between: a) The indication of the participants or non-participants of the speech event. b) The indication of different relations to these (non- )partici­ pants, or to the speech-event and the language used in it. This distinction runs roughly parallel with a significant difference in the structure of the minor systems constituted by the various pronouns: (r) The pronouns indicating the participants as such, EYW, 0',), and ~!J.eL<;, u!J.eL<;, do not have any correlated adverbs (cf. sub 2), and do not take part in the categories of number and gender: the difference in value between EyW and ~!J.eL<;, crU and u!J.ef:<; is not identical to that between e.g, t7t1to<; and Z7t1tOL . On the other hand these words take part in the oppositions of emphasis (E!J.e vs. !J.e) and of reflexivity (E!J.e vs. E!J.tXU"t"OV) . (2) The pronouns indicating relations to the participants or to the speech event as such do take part in the categories of number and gender, and with the exception of the definite article, consti­ tute minor systems or configurations, which comprise several 1 Except for ~(Lth-e:pe: in Homer e.g. IX 45 and 8I. 2 Except 1X01"61"e:poc;, 1X01"61"1X1"0C; in comedy: Epicharmus 5 ; Aristoph., Pl. 83 ; the adverb 1X01"01"epwc; is found in Galenus 18(2) , 43I. 3 Except Tro(:T1"6c; and Tr6cr1"0c;. g.1. I55 adverbial categories traditionally called the "correlative adverbs". The configuration of the pronoun ac; for instance comprises the correlative adverbs WC;, 015, lh"e:, 1l6e:v. These correlative adverbs further distinguish this subgroup 2 of the pronouns from the sub­ stantives, proper names and adjectives, but comparable categories are present in the numeral system, e.g. "t"eaaiXpe:c;: "t"e:"t"piXXWC;, "t"e:"t"piXXOU; 1tOAAOL: 1tOAAiXXWC;, 1tOAAiXXOU. The pronoun iXU"t"OC; which indicates the non-participant of the speech event belongs to a configuration, of which the structure is in between I and 2: it takes part in the oppositions of emphasis and reflexivity and also in the oppositions of number and gender; moreover, it has correlative adverbs. A form peculiarity of the pronouns in general is that as far as their declension resembles that of adjective type ~LXiXLOC;/xoxxwoc; they have a neuter nom./acc. sg. which ends in -0 instead of -ov: a, "t"0, iXU"t"O , "t"OU"t"o, exe:~vo, 11.AAo (also "t"L and "t"L instead of *"t"LV? cf, "t"LVOC; etc.). The adjectives correlated with the different pronouns have, however, a neuter nom.jacc. sg. ending in -ov: e!Lov, ~!Le"t"e:pov, etc. , 1toaov, 1tO~OV, "t"oaou"t"ov, etc. The only exception is ~"t"e:pov, which originally did not belong to the pronominal system but to that of the numerals, and had the meaning "one out of two". In the Hellen­ istic period it became synonymous with 11.AAo and should therefore be reckoned among the pronouns. The characteristics summed up thusfar suffice in our opinion for distinguishing the pronouns of Koine-Greek as a separate system of configurations which comprises the pronouns in the proper sense, the correlative adverbs and the so-called "correlative adjectives"." This latter term will be used to refer to such words as 1toaOC;, 1tO~O C;, etc. although they do not take part in the categories of comparison, and are therefore no adjectives in the full sense. We are aware of the fact that the inclusion of some words in the pronominal system does not always take into account their entire word meaning: E:iXU"t"OUC; for instance has a clearly deictic aspect of meaning "our-, your-, them-selves", but besides this an aspect "one another" which is hardly deictic (cJ. &.AA~AOUC;). 1 Compare the term "adjective system" used above to refer to the adjec­ tives proper and their adverbs in -w<; together. In the same way the terms "pronoun" and "correlative" or " pronominal adverb" are maintained, because the syntactical difference between them runs roughly parallel with that between adjective and adj. adverb..