ACE Deliverable 2.4-D1 Synthesis of Main Architectures Used in Modular Active Antennas Project Number: FP6-IST 508009 Project Title: Antenna Centre of Excellence Document Type: Deliverable Document Number: FP6-IST 508009/ 2.4-D1 Contractual Date of Delivery: 30 June 2004 Actual Date of Delivery: 28 September 2004 (with cover-page + reviews: 20 Dec. 2004) Workpackage: Mainly WP 2.4-1, but also related to WP 2.4-2 & 2.4-3 Estimated Person Months: 18 Security (PU,PP,RE,CO): PU Nature: R (Deliverable Report) Version: rev D for the main document, complemented with 5 annexed reviews Total Number of Pages: 200 File name: ACE_2.4D1_total.pdf Editors: Joakim Johansson, Gerard Caille Other Participants: J.A. Encinar & L. de Haro; J. Freese, R. Jakoby & J. Wenger; R. Bolt & L. Pettersson; M. Thiel (for reviews) + all institution members of A2.4 activity for inventory (table-appendix B) Abstract As a 1st step for structuring the European Research on Array Antennas, this deliverable D1 presents a clear terminology tree for this antenna category: from passive ones to fully active, the latter using analogue or digital beam-forming with self-adaptive algorithms, via phased arrays using passive controllable devices. According to this taxonomy, 54 array antennas, built by ACE partners, have been classified. The main characteristics are summed up in a large table (appendix B). Typical examples are shown in §4, covering a wide range of various array categories. Modelling tools are presented, and bottlenecks pointed out, providing input for further research work. As complements to the main part, five extensive world-wide “State-of-the-art” reviews are attached: each one explains how array antennas are good answers to the requirements of a given type of Communication (and to a lesser extent: Remote Sensing) System: in Base- Stations, on Satellites, for User Terminals, and in Civil or Defence Radar. Keyword List Active antenna subsystems, phased arrays, beam-forming, beam-steering, control devices, low-noise (LNA) or high-power (HPA) amplifiers. Cover Page Activity 2.4: Planar and Conformal Arrays Deliverable 2.4-D1 p.1 “Synthesis of Main Architectures Used in Modular Active Antennas” ACE European (Antenna Centre of Commission - 6 th ) Framework Programme Excellence ACE WP 2.4-1 “Optimisation of Active Antennas Architecture” Deliverable 2.4-D1 “Synthesis of Main Architectures Used in Modular Active Antennas” Institution Author(s) Ericsson Microwave Prof. Joakim JOHANSSON Systems AB Document Evolution Revision Date Status Rev. PA1 2004-09-21 First draft issue Rev. PA2 2004-09-22 Second draft issue Rev. PA3 2004-09-23 Third draft issue Rev. A 2004-09-24 First public issue Rev. B 2004-09-28 Second public issue [Amendments proposed by Gerard Caille] Rev. C 2004-10-20 Third public issue [Appendix B updated 2004-10-15] Rev. D 2004-12-02 Fourth public issue [Appendix B updated 2004-11-23] ACE_2_4_D1_RevD.doc Antenna Centre of Excellence - All rights reserved 2004-12-02 Activity 2.4: Planar and Conformal Arrays Deliverable 2.4-D1 p.2 “Synthesis of Main Architectures Used in Modular Active Antennas” Table of contents 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 DESCRIPTION OF WORK – ACE WP 2.4-1.......................................................................... 4 1.1.1 Deliverable .............................................................................................................. 4 1.2 PARTICIPANTS .................................................................................................................. 4 2 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 THE ACE 2.4 Q UESTIONNAIRE .......................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Statistics.................................................................................................................. 5 2.1.2 TRL Level................................................................................................................ 6 2.2 REVIEWS OF THE STATE -OF -THE -ART ................................................................................. 6 3 STRUCTURING...................................................................................................................... 7 3.1 A M ODEL OF A RADAR OR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM .......................................................... 7 3.2 ARRAY TAXONOMY ............................................................................................................ 8 3.3 TERMINOLOGY TREE ......................................................................................................... 9 3.3.1 Active or Passive ..................................................................................................... 9 3.3.1.1 Active in Transmit .............................................................................................................................. 9 3.3.1.2 Active in Receive ............................................................................................................................... 9 3.3.1.3 Active in Transmit and Receive ......................................................................................................... 9 3.3.1.4 Passive .............................................................................................................................................. 9 3.3.2 Beam Steering Principle .......................................................................................... 9 3.3.2.1 Phase Gradient Beam Steering ......................................................................................................... 9 3.3.2.2 Time Delay Gradient Beam Steering ................................................................................................. 9 3.3.2.3 Fixed Beam........................................................................................................................................ 9 3.3.3 Beam-Forming Principle ........................................................................................ 10 3.3.3.1 Guided Wave Beam-Forming .......................................................................................................... 10 3.3.3.2 Space-Fed Beam-Forming............................................................................................................... 10 3.3.3.3 Photonic Beam-Forming .................................................................................................................. 10 3.3.3.4 Digital Beam-Forming ...................................................................................................................... 10 3.3.3.5 Off-Line Beam-Forming ................................................................................................................... 10 3.3.4 Simultaneous Beams............................................................................................. 10 3.3.4.1 Multiple Beams ................................................................................................................................ 10 3.3.4.2 Single Beam .................................................................................................................................... 10 4 OVERVIEW OF QUESTIONNAIRE ANSWERS ................................................................... 11 4.1 ARRAY APERTURE TESTBED ............................................................................................ 11 4.2 PASSIVE FIXED BEAM ARRAYS ......................................................................................... 12 4.3 PASSIVE MULTI -BEAM ARRAYS ........................................................................................ 15 4.4 ACTIVE FIXED BEAM ARRAYS ........................................................................................... 16 4.5 PASSIVE PHASE SCANNED ARRAYS .................................................................................. 17 4.6 DIGITAL BEAM -FORMING (DBF) A RRAYS .......................................................................... 18 4.7 ONE-WAY (T RANSMIT OR RECEIVE ) A CTIVE PHASED ARRAYS ........................................... 23 4.8 TWO -WAY FULLY ACTIVE (T RANSMIT AND RECEIVE ) P HASED ARRAYS ............................... 25 4.9 TRUE TIME DELAY (TTD)................................................................................................. 28 ACE_2_4_D1_RevD.doc Antenna Centre of Excellence - All rights reserved 2004-12-02 Activity 2.4: Planar and Conformal Arrays Deliverable 2.4-D1 p.3 “Synthesis of Main Architectures Used in Modular Active Antennas” 4.10 PHOTONIC ARRAYS ......................................................................................................... 29 5 OTHER PARAMETERS ....................................................................................................... 30 5.1 RADIATING ELEMENTS ..................................................................................................... 30 5.2 CALIBRATION .................................................................................................................. 30 5.3 MEASUREMENTS ............................................................................................................. 31 5.4 MODELLING & SIMULATION .............................................................................................. 31 5.4.1 Commercial Tools.................................................................................................