Design and Construction: Building in Value kmkosipil.blogspot.com To Irene and Wally Zagoridis Design and Construction: Building in Value edited by Rick Best and Gerard de Valence University of Technology Sydney OXFORD AMSTERDAM BOSTON LONDON NEW YORK PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Butterworth-Heinemann An imprint of Elsevier Science Limited Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn MA 01801-2041 First published 2002 © 2002, Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1T 4LP. Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publisher British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Design and construction: building and value/edited by Rick Best and Gerard de Valence. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index 1. Building–Cost effectiveness. 2. Buildings. 3. Building–Planning. I. Best, Rick. II. De Valence, Gerard. TH153.D4723 2002 690–dc21 2002026022 ISBN 0 7506 51490 For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications visit our website at www.bh.com Composition by Genesis Typesetting, Rochester, Kent Printed and bound in Great Britain Contents Acknowledgements xiii List of Contributors xv Foreword xxi Preface xxiii 1. Issues in design and construction 1 Gerard de Valence and Rick Best 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Managing design and construction 1 1.3 The design and construction phase 3 1.4 The nature of buildings 4 1.5 Sustainable construction 4 1.6 Statutory controls 5 1.7 Management techniques 5 1.8 Innovation 6 1.9 Conclusion 6 References and bibliography 7 PART 1: DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2. Beyond modernism 11 Rick Best Editorial comments – Chapters 2 and 3 11 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Buildings as prototypes 13 2.3 The modern movement and the international style 14 2.4 Post-modernism and high-tech 15 2.5 Pluralism 17 2.6 A general view 18 2.7 Conclusion 19 References and bibliography 19 3. How buildings come to be the way they are 20 Steve Harfield 3.1 From simple beginnings 20 3.2 The lessons of the castaway: climate and technology 21 3.3 Investigating function 23 vi Contents 3.4 The building as economic commodity 24 3.5 Introducing clients and designers 25 3.6 Constructing the brief 26 3.7 Ideology and framing 29 3.8 Style, language and concept 31 3.9 Conclusion 33 Endnotes 33 References and bibliography 34 4. Intelligent buildings 36 Stuart Smith Editorial comment 36 4.1 Introduction 37 4.2 The demand for intelligent buildings 38 4.3 Intelligent building systems 41 4.4 The intelligent building communications network 46 4.5 Measuring the ‘intelligence’ of an intelligent building 52 4.6 Conclusion 56 References and bibliography 57 5. A new era in cost planning 59 Craig Langston Editorial comment 59 5.1 Introduction 60 5.2 The aims of cost management 61 5.3 Cost planning 61 5.4 Cost planning philosophies 63 5.5 The budgeting process 66 5.6 The evolution of cost planning 67 5.7 Life-cost planning 70 5.8 Conclusion 72 Endnotes 74 References and bibliography 74 6. The energy of materials 75 Caroline Mackley Editorial comment 75 6.1 Introduction 76 6.2 The energy context 77 6.3 Embodied energy and materials 78 6.4 Embodied energy intensity extraction methodologies 80 6.5 The relevance of embodied energy analysis 82 6.6 Conclusion 87 References and bibliography 87 7. Innovation in energy modelling 91 Jon Hand and Paul Strachan Editorial comment 91 7.1 Introduction 92 Contents vii 7.2 Review of assessment tools 94 7.3 Modelling requirements, procedures and outputs 94 7.4 Case studies 96 7.5 Conclusion 108 References and bibliography 109 8. Buildability/constructability 110 Chen Swee Eng Editorial comment 110 8.1 Introduction 111 8.2 Evolution of the buildability/constructability concept 111 8.3 CIIA and BPRG – constructability implementation 120 8.4 Project fitness landscapes 122 8.5 Innovating design and construction with buildability/constructability 123 8.6 Conclusion 124 References and bibliography 124 9. Building regulation: from prescription to performance 126 Ray Loveridge Editorial comment 126 9.1 Introduction 127 9.2 An introduction to building control systems 127 9.3 Administrative provisions versus technical provisions 128 9.4 The basic components of a performance-based regulatory system 129 9.5 Technical provisions – prescriptive-based versus performance-based 132 9.6 Benefits of performance-based regulations 133 9.7 The structure of the performance-based building codes 134 9.8 Fire engineered building design 137 9.9 Conclusion 144 References and bibliography 145 PART 2: PROJECT PROCUREMENT AND MANAGEMENT 10. Project finance and procurement 149 Gerard de Valence Editorial comment 149 10.1 Introduction 150 10.2 Characteristics of project finance 151 10.3 Project agreements 152 10.4 Project finance participants 154 10.5 Project risks and financial security 156 10.6 Financing build, operate and transfer (BOT) projects 158 10.7 Conclusion 163 References and bibliography 164 11. Project management in construction 166 Patrick Healy Editorial comment 166 11.1 Introduction 167 viii Contents 11.2 General management 168 11.3 Project management 168 11.4 The players 174 11.5 How project management changes process management practice 176 11.6 Conclusion 179 References and bibliography 179 12. Risk allocation in construction contracts 180 John Twyford Editorial comment 180 12.1 Introduction 181 12.2 What is risk? 181 12.3 Justice and commercial issues arising from transfer of risk 182 12.4 Legal basis of shifting construction risks from one contractual party to another 184 12.5 Disputes with the labour force 186 12.6 Inclement weather 188 12.7 Scope of works/latent conditions 190 12.8 Conclusion 193 Endnotes 194 References and bibliography 194 13. Contaminated land 195 Grace Ding Editorial comment 195 13.1 Introduction 196 13.2 Definition of contaminated land 197 13.3 Causes of contaminated land 198 13.4 Potential problems of contaminated land 199 13.5 The identification of contaminated land 199 13.6 Risk assessment and estimation 201 13.7 Planning, design and implementation of remediation 203 13.8 Case studies 206 13.9 Conclusion 208 References and bibliography 209 14. The foundations of lean construction 211 Lauri Koskela, Greg Howell, Glenn Ballard and Iris Tommelein Editorial comment – Chapters 14 and 15 211 14.1 Introduction 212 14.2 Theoretical considerations 212 14.3 Why conventional construction project management fails 215 14.4 Lean project delivery in construction 217 14.5 Implementation 221 14.6 Conclusion 224 Endnotes 225 References and bibliography 225 Contents ix 15. Lean construction tools and techniques 227 Glenn Ballard, Iris Tommelein, Lauri Koskela and Greg Howell 15.1 Introduction 227 15.2 Lean production management 227 15.3 Lean design 237 15.4 Lean supply 242 15.5 Lean assembly 248 15.6 Conclusion 252 Endnotes 253 References and bibliography 254 16. Waste management in the construction industry 256 Martin Loosemore, Helen Lingard and Melissa Teo Editorial comment 256 16.1 Introduction 257 16.2 The problem of resource depletion 258 16.3 The sustainability agenda 259 16.4 Unsustainability in the construction industry 260 16.5 Good practice in solid waste management 262 16.6 Case study: Colonial Stadium site, Melbourne 266 16.7 Survey of waste management attitudes of construction site operatives 269 16.8 Waste as a resource 271 16.9 Conclusion 272 References and bibliography 273 17. Enterprise process monitoring using key performance indicators 276 Marton Marosszeky and Khalid Karim Editorial comment 276 17.1 Introduction 277 17.2 History and overview of benchmarking 278 17.3 Key performance indicators for construction and design enterprises 280 17.4 Priority areas and key performance indicators for designers 281 17.5 Profitability/efficiency 281 17.6 Financial management 285 17.7 Customer satisfaction 287 17.8 Investing in the future 287 17.9 Conclusion 289 References and bibliography 290 18. Three-dimensional CAD models: integrating design and construction 291 Rabee M. Reffat Editorial comment 291 18.1 Introduction 292 18.2 Using CAD modelling in building systems 293 18.3 Advantages of using three-dimensional CAD modelling in building design and construction 296 18.4 Using three-dimensional CAD modelling as a means of useful knowledge sharing 297 x Contents 18.5 An object-oriented approach for three-dimensional CAD modelling 298 18.6 Three-dimensional CAD modelling supports co-ordination 299 18.7 Sharing a three-dimensional CAD model among various disciplines 300 18.8 Three-dimensional CAD modelling for building systems maintenance 301 18.9 Four-dimensional CAD modelling for effective facility management 302 18.10 Intelligent three-dimensional CAD objects 302 18.11 Conclusion 303 References and bibliography 304 19. Administration of building contracts 306 Peter Smith Editorial comment 306 19.1 Introduction 307 19.2 Importance 307 19.3 Main forms of administration 309 19.4 Administration under different procurement systems 311 19.5 Key areas 312 19.6 Effective contract administration and claims avoidance 317 19.7 Administration trends 322 19.8 Conclusion 326 References and bibliography 326 20.