Intermediate English Grammar Compiled and Prepared by Sarif Syamsu Rizal English Literature Study Program Faculty of Humanities Universitas Dian Nuswantoro Semarang Intermediate English Grammar Compiled and Prepared by Sarif Syamsu Rizal English Literature Study Program Faculty of Humanities Universitas Dian Nuswantoro Semarang i PREFACE This book is organised as student handout learning materials of Intermediate English Grammar. Competency of this level is that students are able to use the following sentence structure patterns containing grammatical forms covered in this term such as English Independent and Dependent Clause, Dependent or Subordinate Clause, Elliptical Sentence, Preposition, Phrasal Verbs and Other Multi-Word Verbs, and Causative Verbs. Using this handout, the students are guided to understand English Grammar through structural discussion and related quizzes. The compiler realizes that the handout is far from being perfect so that constructive suggestions are welcome. Semarang, 24 February 2014 The Compiler ii LIST OF CONTENTS PREFACE................................................................................................ i LIST OF CONTENTS.............................................................................. ii Unit I English Independent and Dependent Clause........................................... 3 Unit II English Dependent or Subordinate Clause.............................................. 10 Unit III English Elliptical Sentence....................................................................... 24 Unit IV English Preposition.................................................................................. 31 Unit V English Phrasal Verbs and Other Multi-Word Verbs................................ 41 Unit VI English Causative Verbs.......................................................................... 48 REFERENCES........................................................................................ 52 1 Lesson Plan Unit I Term : 2nd Subject : English Independent and Dependent Clause Topic: English Independent and Dependent Clause in lesson • Realizing English Independent and Dependent Clause in sentence. Goals: • Know way to use English Independent and Dependent Clause in the right situation. • Choose the best verb in applying English Independent and Dependent Clause. At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: • Differentiate English Independent and Dependent Clause; Objectives: • Identify English Independent and Dependent Clause in each sentence; • Rewrite the sentence changing using English Independent and Dependent Clause; • Appreciate the lesson by showing active participation of the students towards the lesson. • Internet Access: any resources based on the subject topic. • Basic definitions of English Independent and Dependent Clause. Materials: • Teaching English Independent and Dependent Clause. • English Tense Websites or another explanation of English Independent and Dependent Clause. Introduction: • Introduce about English Independent and Dependent Clause. • Indicate some kinds of English Independent and Dependent Clause. • Choose more formal language; students can adopt a more objective style which can result in a reliance on English Independent and Dependent Clause constructions, *a style that is more awkward than it is formal. Development: • Inviting students to discover the relationship between the actor (or subject) and the action (or predicate) in English Independent and Dependent Clause can provide students with more details on how the constructions work, better enabling students to choose the best language for their writing situation. • Give the lesson and ask student to indicate English Independent and Dependent Clause. Practice: • Ask student to translate in the different situation using English Independent and Dependent Clause. • Do multi choices exercise on English Independent and Dependent Clause. • Once students have identified English Independent and Dependent Clause from the page(s) they're exploring, divide students into small groups to explore their findings. • Ask students to share their findings and use the collected information to draw Accommodations: conclusions about when they choose English Independent and Dependent Clause and when they use it. • After teacher is satisfied that students have had enough time to explore their findings, gather as a group and ask students to share their conclusions. • Ask students to support their conclusions with specific details from the lesson. • Once the lesson is complete, ask students to explore the pieces that they are writing, Checking for checking for English Independent and Dependent Clause. • Ask them to revise as necessary, based on whether the tense are appropriate for the Understanding: particular sentence. Students may work during their in-class writing time or complete the revisions as homework. 2 1.1 Independent and Dependent Clauses Understanding the difference between independent and dependent clauses is important in understanding how to construct sentences and avoid fragments. This knowledge can also help in varying sentence length in writing, which makes all forms of writing better. Before understanding the different types of clauses, it is important to understand what a clause is. A clause is a group of related words that contains both a subject and a verb. On the other hand, if a group of related words does not contain a subject with an attached verb, it is simply a phrase. An independent clause is a group of words that can stand on its own as a sentence: it has a subject, a verb, and is a complete thought. Examples: • He ran. (Notice that while this sentence only contains two words, it is still a complete sentence because it contains a one word subject and a one word predicate that is also a complete thought.) • He ran fast. • I was late to work. • The paper does not specify which type of format it must be in. • The instructor spent the class period reviewing the difference between independent and dependent clauses. A dependent clause is a group of words that also contains a subject and a verb, but it is not a complete thought. Because it is not a complete thought, a dependent clause cannot stand on its own as a sentence; it is dependent on being attached to an independent clause to form a sentence. Examples: • Because I woke up late this morning… (what happened?) • When we arrived in class… (what occurred?) • If my neighbour does not pay his rent on time… (what will happen?) Dependent clauses can often be identified by words called dependent markers, which are usually subordinating conjunctions. If a clause begins with one of these words, it is dependent and needs to be attached to an independent clause. (Common dependent markers: after, as, although, because, before, even though, if, once, rather than, since, that, though, unless, until, when, whenever, whereas, while, among others.) Note: Just because an independent clause can stand on its own doesn’t mean it has to. For instance, one or more independent clauses can be added together to form a compound sentence, and independent clauses can be added to dependent clauses to form complex sentences. 3 1.2 Dependent Marker Word (DM) A dependent marker word is a word added to the beginning of an independent clause that makes it into a dependent clause. Example: When Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz, it was very noisy. (DM) Some common dependent markers are: after, although, as, as if, because, before, even if, even though, if, in order to, since, though, unless, until, whatever, when, whenever, whether, and while. 1.2.1 Connecting dependent and independent clauses There are two types of words that can be used as connectors at the beginning of an independent clause: coordinating conjunctions and independent marker words. 1. Coordinating Conjunction (CC) The seven coordinating conjunctions used as connecting words at the beginning of an independent clause are and, but, for, or, nor, so, and yet. When the second independent clause in a sentence begins with a coordinating conjunction, a comma is needed before the coordinating conjunction: Example: Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz, but it was hard to concentrate because of the noise. (CC) 2. Independent Marker Word (IM) An independent marker word is a connecting word used at the beginning of an independent clause. These words can always begin a sentence that can stand alone. When the second independent clause in a sentence has an independent marker word, a semicolon is needed before the independent marker word. Example: Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz; however, it was hard to concentrate because of the noise. (IM) Some common independent markers are: also, consequently, furthermore, however, moreover, nevertheless, and therefore. 1.2.2 Proper Punctuation Methods This table gives some examples of ways to combine independent and dependent clauses and shows how to punctuate them properly. IC. IC. I went to the store. I didn't buy any bread. IC; IC. I went to the store; I didn't buy any bread. 4 IC, CC IC. I went to the store, but I didn't buy any bread. IC; IM, IC. I went to the store; however, I didn't buy any bread. DC, IC. When I went to the store, I didn't buy any bread. IC DC. I didn't buy any bread when I went to the store. 1.2.3 Some Common Errors to Avoid 1.2.3.1 Comma Splices A comma splice is the use of a comma between two independent clauses. You can usually fix the error by changing the comma to a period and therefore