Runnymede Report Local Ethnic Inequalities Ethnic Differences in Education, Employment, Health and Housing in Districts of England and Wales, 2001−2011 The University of Manchester in Association with The Runnymede Trust Nissa Finney and Kitty Lymperopoulou with Nisha Kapoor, Alan Marshall, Albert Sabater and Ludi Simpson &KUENCKOGT #DQWV4WPP[OGFG 6JGHCEVURTGUGPVGFCPFXKGYUGZRTGUUGFKPVJKU RWDNKECVKQPCTGVJQUGQHVJGKPFKXKFWCNCWVJQTUCPFPQV PGEGUUCTKN[VJQUGQHVJGCWVJQTUoEWTTGPVQTRTGXKQWU 4WPP[OGFGKUCPKPFGRGPFGPVRQNKE[ GORNQ[GTUPQTCTGVJG[PGEGUUCTKN[VJQUGQH6JG$CTKPI TGUGCTEJQTICPK\CVKQPHQEWUKPIQP (QWPFCVKQPQTVJG4WPP[OGFG6TWUV GSWCNKV[CPFLWUVKEGVJTQWIJVJGRTQOQVKQP QHCUWEEGUUHWNOWNVKGVJPKEUQEKGV[ #EMPQYNGFIGOGPVU (QWPFGFCUC%JCTKVCDNG'FWECVKQPCN 9GYKUJVQVJCPM6JG$CTKPI(QWPFCVKQPHQTVJGKTƜPCPEKCN 6TWUV4WPP[OGFGJCUCNQPIVTCEM UWRRQTV TGEQTFKPRQNKE[TGUGCTEJYQTMKPIKP ENQUGEQNNCDQTCVKQPYKVJGOKPGPVVJKPMGTU /CP[RGQRNGJCXGJGNRGFYKVJXCTKQWUUVCIGUQHVJKU CPFRQNKE[OCMGTUKPVJGRWDNKERTKXCVG RTQLGEV+PRCTVKEWNCT0GKN#OCU#FGNKPG6TWFG,CEQD CPFXQNWPVCT[UGEVQTU9GDGNKGXGVJCV .CIPCFQCPF)TCEG&QNCPHTQOVJG+%#4VGCO2TQHGUUQT VJGYC[CJGCFNKGUKPDWKNFKPIGƛGEVKXG )CDTKGN/QPVGU4QLCU&T9KNNKCO2QWNKQVCPF&CP9KNUJGT RCTVPGTUJKRUCPFYGCTGEQPVKPWCNN[ HTQO%KV[7PKXGTUKV[CPF6QO5QWVJGTFGPCPF-CVKG FGXGNQRKPIVJGUGYKVJVJGXQNWPVCT[ %QOOQPUHQTOGTN[QH4GHWIGGCPF/KITCPV,WUVKEG UGEVQTVJGIQXGTPOGPVNQECNCWVJQTKVKGU #PPGVVG'NFGTCPF(KQPC4KRNG[RTQXKFGFKPXCNWCDNGJGNR CPFEQORCPKGUKPVJG7-CPF'WTQRG9G CPFCUUKUVCPEGHQTVJGRTQLGEVƜNGTGXKGY UVKOWNCVGFGDCVGCPFUWIIGUVHQTYCTF NQQMKPIUVTCVGIKGUKPCTGCUQHRWDNKERQNKE[ (KPCNN[QHEQWTUGYGCTGKPFGDVGFVQVJGTGHWIGGUCPF UWEJCUGFWECVKQPVJGETKOKPCNLWUVKEG QVJGTUVCMGJQNFGTUYJQICXGVJGKTVKOGVQRCTVKEKRCVGKPVJG U[UVGOGORNQ[OGPVCPFEKVK\GPUJKR TGUGCTEJ Runnymede: Intelligence ,WNKG)KDDUCPF&GTK*WIJGU4QDGTVU0QXGODGTAcknowledgements 5KPEGVJGFCVGQH4WPP[OGFGoU This research was funded by the ESRC via an Impact Contents HQWPFCVKQPYGJCXGYQTMGFVQGUVCDNKUJfor a Multi-ethnic Britain Accelerator Account grant (Grant number 99439). It was CPFOCKPVCKPCRQUKVKXGKOCIGQHYJCVKV +5$0undertaken by the ESRC Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity OGCPUVQNKXGCƞTOCVKXGN[YKVJKPCUQEKGV[ (CoDE) at the University of Manchester in association with the 2WDNKUJGFD[4WPP[OGFGKP0QXGODGTVJKURunnymede Trust. It built on a previous project completed by VJCVKUDQVJOWNVKGVJPKECPFEWNVWTCNN[Runnymede is the UK’s leading the Cathie Marsh Centre for Census and Survey Research FQEWOGPVKU 4WPP[OGFG FKXGTUG4WPP[OGFGEQPVKPWGUVQURGCMindependent thinktank on race (CCSR) for Runnymede in 2008. Executive Summary 3 YKVJCVJQWIJVHWNCPFKPFGRGPFGPVRWDNKEequality and race relations. Through high-quality research and thought 1RGPCEEGUU5QOGTKIJVUTGUGTXGFThis report uses data from the 2001 and 2011 censuses, XQKEGQPVJGUGKUUWGUVQFC[ 1. Introduction 5 leadership, we: 6JG4WPP[OGFG6TWUVYCPVUVQGPEQWTCIGVJGEKTEWNCVKQPOffice for National Statistics (Crown Copyright). QHKVUYQTMCUYKFGN[CURQUUKDNGYJKNGTGVCKPKPIVJG EQR[TKIJV6JGVTWUVJCUCPQRGPCEEGUURQNKE[YJKEJOpen access. Some rights reserved. 2. Local Ethnic Inequalities Case Studies 7 • Identify barriers to race equality GPCDNGUCP[QPGVQCEEGUUKVUEQPVGPVQPNKPGYKVJQWV 2.1 Tower Hamlets 7 The Runnymede Trust wants to encourage the circulation of and good race relations; EJCTIG#P[QPGECPFQYPNQCFUCXGRGTHQTOQTFKUVTKDWVG 2.2 Bradford 7 VJKUYQTMKPCP[HQTOCVKPENWFKPIVTCPUNCVKQPYKVJQWVits work as widely as possible while retaining the copyright. The trust has an open access policy which enables anyone 2.3 Breckland 8 • Provide evidence to support action YTKVVGPRGTOKUUKQP6JKUKUUWDLGEVVQVJGVGTOUQHVJG for social change; to access its content online without charge. Anyone can %TGCVKXG%QOOQPU.KEGPEG&GGF#VVTKDWVKQP0QPdownload, save, perform or distribute this work in any format, • Influence policy at all levels. %QOOGTEKCN0Q&GTKXCVKXG9QTMU7-'PINCPFincluding translation, without written permission. This is 3. Local Ethnic Inequalities: An Overview 10 9CNGU+VUOCKPEQPFKVKQPUCTGsubject to the terms of the Creative Commons Licence Deed: Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Derivative Works 2.0 UK: 4. Local Ethnic Inequalities in Education 22 England & Wales. Its main conditions are: r ;QWCTGHTGGVQEQR[FKUVTKDWVGFKURNC[CPFRGTHQTO • YouVJGYQTM are free to copy, distribute, display and perform 5. Local Ethnic Inequalities in Employment 28 r the;QWOWUVIKXGVJGQTKIKPCNCWVJQTETGFKV work; • You must give the original author credit; 6. Local Ethnic Inequalities in Health r ;QWOC[PQVWUGVJKUYQTMHQTEQOOGTEKCNRWTRQUGU 34 • You may not use this work for commercial purposes; r ;QWOC[PQVCNVGTVTCPUHQTOQTDWKNFWRQPVJKUYQTM • You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. 7. Local Ethnic Inequalities in Housing 40 ;QWCTGYGNEQOGVQCUM4WPP[OGFGHQTRGTOKUUKQPVQYou are welcome to ask Runnymede for permission to use WUGVJKUYQTMHQTRWTRQUGUQVJGTVJCPVJQUGEQXGTGFD[this work for purposes other than those covered by the 8. Summary and Conclusions: Dealing with Local Ethnic Inequalities 45 VJGNKEGPEG4WPP[OGFGKUITCVGHWNVQ%TGCVKXG%QOOQPUlicence. Runnymede is grateful to Creative Commons for its HQTKVUYQTMCPFKVUCRRTQCEJVQEQR[TKIJV(QTOQTGwork and its approach to copyright. For more information Appendix: Methods 47 KPHQTOCVKQPRNGCUGIQVQplease go to www.creativecommons.orgYYYETGCVKXGEQOOQPUQTI 4WPP[OGFG A.1 Methodological Approach 47 2NQWIJ;CTF.QPFQP'%#.2 A.2 Data Sources 48 6 A.3 Dimensions of Inequality 48 'KPHQ"TWPP[OGFGVTWUVQTI A.4 Indicators of Inequality 48 A.5 Measuring Inequality 50 YYYTWPP[OGFGVTWUVQTI A.6 Geographies 51 A.7 Ethnic Group Categories 51 A.8 Population Threshold 52 A.9 Visual Representations 52 A.10 Methods Summary 52 Appendix Notes 52 References 54 Runnymede 4th Floor, St Clement’s Building London School of Economics Accompanying Files: Houghton Street Local Ethnic Inequalities Local Area Profiler, with full data, calculations and tables. London WC2A 2AE Available at www.ethnicity.ac.uk. T 020 7377 9222 E [email protected] www. runnymedetrust.org 2 Runnymede Report Runnymede Report 3 List of tables Note: In every table, all minorities are compared to the White British population in the district. Executive Summary Local Ethnic Inequalities in Education Table 1. Multiple inequality in England and Wales, 2011 10 Aims • For minorities as a whole education inequality This project has: Table 2. Index of multiple inequality in England and Wales, 2001 12 worsened in nearly half of all districts in England Table 3. Local ethnic educational inequality in England and Wales, 2011 22 • Produced measures of ethnic inequality for local and Wales between 2001 and 2011. authority areas across England and Wales in 2001 Table 4. Local ethnic educational inequality in England and Wales, 2001 25 • Inequality in education is most severe for the and 2011 for indicators of education, employment, White Other and Mixed groups with three quarters Table 5 Local ethnic employment inequality in England and Wales, 2011 28 health and housing. of districts having worse outcomes for the White Table 6. Local ethnic employment inequality in England and Wales, 2001 31 • Analysed change in local ethnic inequalities in Other compared to the White British group and Table 7. Local ethnic health inequality in England and Wales, 2011 34 England and Wales between 2001 and 2011. two thirds of districts having worse outcomes for the Mixed group compared to the White British Table 8. Local ethnic health inequality in England and Wales, 2001 37 Via the dissemination of these analyses this project group. Table 9. Local ethnic housing inequality in England and Wales, 2011 40 aims to: Local Ethnic Inequalities in Employment Table 10. Local ethnic housing inequality in England and Wales, 2001 43 • Highlight to policy audiences the need to tackle • Local ethnic inequalities in terms of higher levels of Table 11. Dimensions, indicators and data sources for ethnic inequalities 49 racial and ethnic inequality in contemporary Britain. unemployment for ethnic minorities than the White Table 12. Ethnic group categories from the 2001 and 2011 censuses 51 British are most widespread for the Mixed group, • Generate evidenced-based debate that can can the Black group and the Asian group. result in initiatives to reduce ethnic inequalities List of Figures across the country. • In over a third of districts there were increases in ethnic inequalities in employment over the 2000s. Figure 1. Local ethnic inequalities in education, 2001 and 2011 19 Findings: Local Ethnic Figure 2. Local ethnic inequalities in employment, 2001 and 2011 20 Local Ethnic Inequalities in Health Figure 3. Local ethnic inequalities in health, 2001 and 2011 20 Inequalities, 2001−2011 • Health inequality is most severe for the Mixed The key findings of the project are: group which fares worse in terms of health than Figure 4. Local ethnic inequalities in housing, 2001 and 2011 21 the White British group in the majority of districts. • Ethnic inequalities in education, employment, • In terms of ethnic minorities as a whole in nearly List of Maps health and housing are widespread in England and Wales and persistent since 2000. half of the districts in England and Wales ethnic Map 1. Index of multiple inequality for minority population, 2011 11 minorities fared better in terms of health compared • There has been an increase in ethnic inequalities to the White British in both 2001 and 2011. During Map 2. Index of multiple inequality for minority population, 2001 13 in employment and housing. this period health inequality increased in just Map 3. Index of multiple inequality for Asian ethnic group, 2011 14 seven local authority