r r ua . 1024-0018 NATIONAL OF HISTORIC PLACES This form is for use in documenting multiple property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in Guidelines for Completing National Register Forms (National Register Bulletin 16) . Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the requested information. For additional space use continuation sheets (Form 10-900-a) . Type all entries. A Mame of Maltipi** Piryertv Idli and Franklin. OO», NY B. Associated Historic Gnnbexts lake, MY 1873 - 1940 iphical Data Generally, the boundaries of the incorporated village of Saranac Lake, Essex and Franklin Counties, New York. [ ] See continuation sheet D. As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this documentation form meets the National Register documentation standards and sets forth requirements for listing of related properties consistent with the National Register criteria. This submission meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60 and the Secretary of the :iorf s Standards for banning and Evaluation. Commissioner for Historic Preservation Si of certifying official New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation State or Federal agency and bureau I, hereby, certify that this multiple property documentation form has been approved by the National Register as. a basis for evaluating related properties for listing in the of the^^ational Register Date Discuss each historic context listed in section B. The dense urban streetscape of the village of Saranac Lake, New York, is a marked contrast to the vast stretches of unpopulated forest and tiny isolated hamlets which exist in the Adirondack region. The extraordinary building stock of Saranac Lake, with its multiple porches and walls of windows, its sophisticated conmercial blocks and elegant residential districts, is the unique legacy of more than seventy years when this community was an international center for the the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Here doctors developed the first successful methods of treating - and even curing - a disease which had been the equivalent of a death sentence for almost all of recorded history. In so doing, they also developed a specific building type - the cure cottage - designed to facilitate the healing process for tubercular patients. Many of these cure cottages still stand in Saranac Lake, the most visible reminders of the village's days as America's "Pioneer Health Resort." The incorporated Village of Saranac lake is located in the Adirondacks, a jagged outcropping of mountainous peaks sliced by rapid-flowing streams and dotted with clear glacial lakes, which juts up out of the glacial plains of upstate New York. Six million acres of this rugged country and its isolated valley hamlets are part of the Adirondack Park, where 2.5 million acres of state-owned forest land have been protected as "forever wild" since as early as 1885. Deep in the heart of this wilderness, in a sheltered valley crossed by the winding Saranac River, lies "the little city of the Adirondacks." The modern village of Saranac Lake is still the largest settlement within the Adirondacks. Its political boundaries cross both county and town borders: two-thirds of the village lies within the town of Harrietstown, in Franklin County; while the remaining third is split between the towns of North Elba and St. Armand in Essex County. SETTLEMENT 1819-1860 For most of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth century, the only people to pass through the Adirondack wilderness were native Americans. Camping sites on the shores of both Upper and Lower Saranac Lakes have yielded artifacts used by the native [X] see continuation sheet CMB No. 1024-0018, NBS Farm United States Department of the Interior National Park Service Ihe Village of Saranac Lake Multiple Documentation Form NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES Saranac Lake, Essex & Franklin Counties, NY CONTINUATION SHEET Section E Page 2 population in hunting and fishing. The Huron and Iroquois tribes visited this area regularly taut never remained on a year-round basis, returning to the lower elevations in the long winter months. New York State first claimed the unappropriated lands of the Adirondacks in 1781 to serve as bounties for militiamen who served in the Revolutionary War. The 665,000 acres which are now Clinton County and parts of Franklin and Essex Counties were surveyed in 1786 and divided into ten-mile-square townships, but few soldiers were willing to take the rugged, interior lots. New York State later set aside additional lands in central New York to be used as military bounties, and these lots in the Adirondacks came to be known as the "Old Military Tract." The westernmost line of the Old Military Tract became the Franklin-Essex County line which still divides the village of Saranac Lake today. New York State next offered the land within and to the west of the Old Military Tract for sale to investors and developers. On June 22, 1791, Alexander Macomb purchased 3,693,755 acres between Essex County and Lake Ontario, the largest grant of land ever made by the State of New York. His parcel included Franklin County and the western portion of what came to be the Village of Saranac Lake. Most of this tract was later sold to William Constable, who named the town of Harrietstown after his daughter. Settlers were slow to move into the mountainous regions of the Adirondacks sinae better farmland was more easily reached elsewhere. The great flood of emigrants frcsn New England bypassed the Adirondack wilderness because of its inaccessible terrain and difficult climate, moving further westward instead, through the St. Lawrence River Valley to the north or along the Mohawk River Valley to the south. Not until c.1800 did the inner valleys of the High Peaks region begin to have permanent settlers, when the Northwest Bay Road was cut through the wilderness from Westport on the shore of Lake Champlain northwest through Elizabethtown and Keene. Between 1810 and 1817 a series of Legislative appropriations were created to improve, upgrade and extended the Northwest Bay-Hopkinton Road northward to Hopkinton in St. Lawrence County, crossing the Saranac River where the Baker bridge stands today. CMB No. 1024-0018, NFS Form United States Department of the Interior National Park Service The Village of Saranac lake Multiple Documentation Form NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PtACES Saranac lake, Essex & Franklin Counties, NY CONTINUATION SHEET Section E Page 3 The Saranac Lake area was first settled by Jacob Smith Moody who built a cabin and cleared land in 1819 along the Northwest Bay Road. (The road still exists, now known as Pine Street within the village limits and Old Military Road in the Hi#iland Park Historic District.) Moody owned sixteen acres of land which included the back of Helen Hill, Pine Ridge Cemetery (which contains his family graveyard), and Moody Pond. In 1822, Captain Pliny Miller from West Sand Lake, Rensselaer County, the former commander of a militia company in the War of 1812, purchased 300 acres of land along the Saranac River in what is now Franklin County. His Wilmington (NY) lumbering business had been forced into bankruptcy by the failure of his primary Canadian customer, and he hoped to begin again in the Saranac Lake area. Much of the village of Saranac Lake stands on Miller 's original purchase of land. In 1827 Miller built the the first dam across the Saranac River to power his sawmill, creating a large mill pond where logs were gathered each spring for processing. This pond - large enough to be called a lake - was cleaned out in 1910 and renamed lake Flower, in honor of the New York governor. Col. Milote Baker, the last of the village's three pioneer families, did not arrive from Keeseville until 1852, when he settled on the land where the Northwest Bay Road crossed the Saranac River. Two of his daughters (first Narcissa, then Julia) married Ensine Miller, son of Pliny, who also farmed and owned two sawmills and a gristmill. By 1876, his son Andrew, a successful guide, built Baker Cottage by Moody Pond, on what is now known as Stevenson Lane. The early village grew up along the triangle of roads (now River, Pine and Main Streets) which connected the farms of these three families and encircled Helen Hill. [Map 111] Farming, lumbering, trapping, fishing, and hunting, they made their living from the land and the wilderness around them. The area's remoteness from markets and lack of sufficient local demand prevented any greater use of the resources available. Log drives along the Ujpper Saranac River occurred as early as 1847, floating the logs down to Plattsburgh on Lake Champlain, but mills to produce finished wooden products locally were not to be built for many more years. CMB No. 1024-0018, NFS FOO| United States Department of the Interior National Park Service Ihe Village of Saranac Lake Multiple Documentation Form NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES Saranac Lake, Essex & Franklin Counties, NY CONTINUATION SHEET Section E Page 4 In 1849 Miller built the area's first hotel across the river from his sawmill, on the site of today's village water pumping station. Two years later the manager of Miller's hotel, William F. Martin, built his own hotel on Lower Saranac Lake about two miles west of the village, the first hotel in the Adirondacks to actually be located within the wilderness, rather than within village limits. Big enough to house eighty guests, the Saranac Lake House, more commonly known as Martin's, was considered an outrageous folly by local residents when it was first built. In 1851, the same year as the opening of Martin's, regular stagecoach service was established between Saranac Lake and villages along Lake Cnamplain where connections could be made with lake boats travelling north and south.