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University M icrofilms International 300 N. Z eeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8318453 Warhola, James Walter SOVIET NATIONAL RELATIONS: ELITE ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS IN THE 1970S The Ohio Slate University PH.D. 1983 University Microfilms International300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Copyright 1983 by Warhola, James Walter All Rights Reserved PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check markV . 1. Glossy photographs or pages_______ 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print______ 3. Photographs with dark background______ 4. Illustrations are poor copy_______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original ____copy 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page_______ 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages 8. Print exceeds margin requirements______ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine_______ 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print______ 11. P a g e(s)_____________lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. P a g e (s)_____________seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages num bered______________. Text follow s. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages_______ 15. Other______________________________________________________________________ University Microfilms International SOVIET NATIONAL RELATIONS: ELITE ATTITUDES AMD PERCEPTIONS IN THE 1970S DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Reguireaents for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Janes Walter Warholas B.A.,H.A The Ohio State University 1983 Reading Conaittee: Approved By: Dr. Philip D. Stewart Dr. George J. Deako Adviser Dr. Goldie Shabad. Department of Political Science ACKHOBLEDGEHEQTS There were ©any sources of activation, eraapie, and assistance, without which the completion o£ this study would not have been possible,, The first is Dr. Philip D. Stewart, whose conceptualization of the important substantive questions in Soviet elite politics led to the development of the Soviet Elite Perceptions Project. The next is Hr. Roger A. Blough, under whose management the project was completed, and whose perspicacity and unfailing diligence proved exemplary. Recognition is also due to the Polimetrics » Laboratory of the Ohio State University Department of Political Science, for assistance in the management and utilization of the data. Sincere gratitude is extended to all these sources. The members of the dissertation reading committee. Dr. Philip D. Stewart, Dr. Goldie Shabad, and Dr. George J. Demko, are also to be thanked for their time and energy expended in helping to bring this study to completion. Errors and/or omissions in the study remain solely the responsibility of the author. ¥ITA November 9, 1953 ... Born - Lorain, Ohio 1976 ............... Bachelor of Arts, Ohio northern University, Ada, Ohio 1977-78 ............ Attended o&rdon-Conuell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, Hass. 1979-82 ............ Graduate Teaching Assistant, Graduate Research Assistant, The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 1982 ............... Master of Arts, The Ohio State Oniversity, Columbus, Ohio 1982-83 ............ Graduate Teaching Associate, The Ohio State Qniversity Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS “Issue Salience and Foreign Policy Bole Specialization in the Soyiet Politburo of the 1970s1* Forthcoming in The American Journal of Political Science. February, 1984. Fields Of Study Major Field: comparative Politics Communist Political Systems: Dr. Philip D. Stewart Western European Political Systems: Dr. Goldie Shabad Politics In The Developing World: Dr. William Liddie Hinor Field: Political Theory Historical Political Theory, Methodology of Social Science: Dr. John B. Champiin CONTENTS AC KNOB LEDGES EN T S ................. ........................ ii VITA . .................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES . .........................................vii LIST OF FIGOBES ............. ix Chapter gage I. INTRODUCTION ......................................... 1 II. THE OSSB AS SOLTINATIONAL STATE: FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT ................................... 11 Tsarist Expansion ............................. 1 1 The Bolsheviks Ideological Boots and Political Inheritance ........ ............. 17 Soviet Nationality Policy Under Stalin . 3<4 Khrushchev and the National Minorities ....<40 National Relations In The Erezhnev Era .... <47 III. SUBSTANTIVE ISSUES OF SOVIET NATIONAL RELATIONS . 60 Soviet and Western Perceptions of Nationality Relations ................60 Emerging Issues in Soviet National Relations . 67 The Demographic Dimension . ............. 6 9 Modernization and Soviet Minorities .... 88 Soviet Ideology and Stability in Minority Areas ................93 Addressing The Substantive Questions ......... 96 IV. HETHODOLOGY IN THE SOVIET ELITE PERCEPTIONS PROJECT .......................................102 Background and Assumptions 102 Procedure in Analysis . 112 V. DATA AMALTSIS: POLITBURO PERCEPTIONS OF 1SS0ES . 120 Breakdown of Issues ............. 120 VI- INDIVIDUAL PATTERNS OF ATTBMTIOI A ID ATTITUDES . 143 Attention to All Rationality Issues . « - . 143 Attention to Specific Issues by Individual Elites ................ 150 N on-Slav Perceptions and Attitudes .... 153 Ukrainian Perceptions and Attitudes . 159 The Rationality-Conscious Russians .... 171 Elites Non-Attentive to National Relations 178 The Role of the Unity Theme in The 1970s . 183 ¥11. CHARGES 11 ELITE ORIENTATION, AND HAIBTEBAHCE OF PERSONAL PON EE ........... 190 Introduction: Questions To Be Addressed . 190 Macro-Trends: Changes in Salience and Issue Emphasis ............... 193 Changes in Salience of Nationality Issues Over Tine ............. 193 Changes in Nationality Issue Emphasis Over Time ................ 199 Changes in The Russian Element of National Relations ............. 200 Increasing Reticence About National Deviations ............. 201 Decline in Perceptual Finesse By The Politburo ............. 204 Vacillation on “Pro-National Minority” Emphasis .............. 208 Individual Patterns of Issue Attention and Attitudes Over Time .......... 212 References to Brezhnev and The Maintenance of Personal Power ............ 223 fill. SO DHABI AMD CONCLUSION............................ 237 Preliminary Comments ............ 237 Major Findings ............... 239 Implications Of The Findings: Substantive and Methodological ............ 245 - v - Appendix page A. COHPOSITXOH OF ISSUES EXAHIBED ................. 250 B. POLITBURO HEHBJSBS INCLUDED IB THE STUDY .... 254 C. SCORES QV ISSUES FOB EACH POLITBURO BSHBEB . 257 BEPEBEHCES ............................................... 261 - vi - LIST OF TABLES Sable page 1. Growth Bates of Education by Republic .......62 2. Growth Bate Disparity Among Soviet Nationalities . 71 3. Changing Ethnic Composition of Republics ...... 81 4. SS of Russians and Ukrainians in Republics ..... 82 5. Breakdown of Rationality References By Issue . 122 6. Attitudes Toward Character,Substance, and Unity . 123 7. Selected Cognitive Objects in Issues ....... 132 8. Salience c£ Rationality Issues, By Elite ..... 145 9. Scores For Selected Issues for Attentives .... 154 10. Summary of Cognitive Object “National Differences88 164 11. Elite Emphasis On The Unity Theme ........ 185 12. Nationality Issue Salience: Major Time Periods . 195 13. % Total Nationality Issues, by Elite, by Time Period ....... ............... ..... 214 14. Minority Elite Nationality