Department of Planning, Industry and Environment Snowy Mountains Special Activation Precinct Ecologically Sustainable Development (ESD) Technical Report D Squared Consulting Pty Ltd FINAL Trading as dsquared ACN 159 612 067 ABN 38 159 612 067 Suite 5, 241 Pirie Street Adelaide SA 5000 T: 0425 870 289 E: [email protected] W: www.dsquaredconsulting.com.au Project Number: 2134 Contents Contents ........................................................................................................................................................ ii Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................................5 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 17 1.1 Purpose .............................................................................................................................................. 17 1.2 How to read this report ..................................................................................................................... 17 1.3 Background ........................................................................................................................................ 17 1.4 Study area .......................................................................................................................................... 18 1.5 Regional appreciation ........................................................................................................................ 19 1.6 Snowy Mountains SAP vision ............................................................................................................. 20 1.7 Ecologically Sustainable Development (ESD) .................................................................................... 21 1.8 ESD themes ........................................................................................................................................ 21 1.9 Snowy Mountains SAP growth .......................................................................................................... 22 1.10 ESD context analysis .......................................................................................................................... 22 1.11 Technical context analysis reports .................................................................................................... 23 1.12 Case studies ....................................................................................................................................... 23 1.13 Consultation and stakeholder Liaison ............................................................................................... 23 2 Policies, strategies and plans.............................................................................................................. 25 2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 25 2.2 International ...................................................................................................................................... 25 2.3 National ............................................................................................................................................. 28 2.4 State ................................................................................................................................................... 28 2.5 Local ................................................................................................................................................... 28 3 Climate resilience ............................................................................................................................... 29 3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 29 3.2 Context analysis ................................................................................................................................. 29 3.3 Climate change impacts ..................................................................................................................... 32 3.4 Climate impacts and risk assessment ................................................................................................ 36 3.5 Snow conditions ................................................................................................................................ 40 3.6 Carrying capacity alignment .............................................................................................................. 41 3.7 Snowy Mountains SAP vision alignment ........................................................................................... 41 3.8 Outcomes of the Structure Plan ........................................................................................................ 42 4 Emissions ............................................................................................................................................ 43 4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 43 4.2 Context analysis ................................................................................................................................. 43 4.3 Opportunities .................................................................................................................................... 51 4.4 Roadmap to Carbon Negative ........................................................................................................... 55 4.5 Snowy Mountains SAP vision alignment ........................................................................................... 59 Page | ii 2134_Snowy Mountains SAP_ESD Technical Report 4.6 Outcomes of the Structure Plan ........................................................................................................ 60 5 Energy ................................................................................................................................................. 61 5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 61 5.2 Context analysis ................................................................................................................................. 61 5.3 Opportunities .................................................................................................................................... 67 5.4 Snowy Mountains SAP vision alignment ........................................................................................... 72 5.5 Outcomes of the Structure Plan ........................................................................................................ 72 6 Society ................................................................................................................................................ 74 6.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 74 6.2 Context analysis ................................................................................................................................. 75 6.3 Opportunities .................................................................................................................................... 76 6.4 Snowy Mountains SAP vision alignment ........................................................................................... 81 6.5 Outcomes of the Structure Plan ........................................................................................................ 82 7 Mobility .............................................................................................................................................. 83 7.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 83 7.2 Context analysis ................................................................................................................................. 83 7.3 Opportunities .................................................................................................................................... 84 7.4 Snowy Mountains SAP vision alignment ........................................................................................... 94 7.5 Outcomes of the Structure Plan ........................................................................................................ 94 8 Environment ....................................................................................................................................... 96 8.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 96 8.2 Context analysis ................................................................................................................................. 96 8.3 Context analysis - resorts .................................................................................................................. 97 8.4 Opportunities ...................................................................................................................................