i Social Theories of Urban Violence in the Global South While cities often act as the engines of economic growth for developing countries, they are also frequently the site of growing violence, poverty, and inequality. Yet, social theory, largely developed and tested in the Global North, is often inadequate in tackling the realities of life in the dangerous parts of cities in the Global South. Drawing on the fi ndings of an ambitious fi ve- year, 15- project research programme, Social Theories of Urban Violence in the Global South offers a uniquely Southern perspective on the violence– poverty– inequalities dynamics in cities of the Global South. Through their research, urban violence experts based in low- and middle- income countries demonstrate how “urban violence” means different things to different people in different places. While some researchers adopt or adapt existing theoretical and conceptual frameworks, others develop and test new theories, each interpreting and operationalizing the concept of urban violence in the particular context in which they work. In particular, the book highlights the links between urban violence, poverty, and inequalities based on income, class, gender, and other social cleavages. Providing important new perspectives from the Global South, this book will be of interest to policymakers, academics, and students with an interest in violence and exclusion in the cities of developing countries. Jennifer Erin Salahub managed the Safe and Inclusive Cities initiative, a global research programme jointly funded by Canada’s International Development Research Centre and the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development. Markus Gottsbacher is senior programme specialist with the Governance and Justice programme at the International Development Research Centre. John de Boer is managing director of the SecDev Group. ii Routledge Studies in Cities and Development The series features innovative and original research on cities in the Global South, aiming to explore urban settings through the lens of international development. The series particularly promotes comparative and inter- disciplinary research targeted at a global readership. In terms of theory and method, rather than basing itself on any one ortho- doxy, the series draws on a broad toolkit taken from across social sciences and built environment studies, emphasizing comparison, the analysis of the structure and processes, and the application of qualitative and quantitative methods. The series welcomes submissions from established and junior authors on cutting-edge and high-level research on key topics that feature in global news and public debate. The Politics of Slums in the Global South Urban Informality in Brazil, India, South Africa and Peru Edited by V é ronique Dupont, David Jordhus- Lier, Catherine Sutherland and Einar Braathen Social Theories of Urban Violence in the Global South Towards Safe and Inclusive Cities Edited by Jennifer Erin Salahub, Markus Gottsbacher and John de Boer iii Social Theories of Urban Violence in the Global South Towards Safe and Inclusive Cities Edited by Jennifer Erin Salahub, Markus Gottsbacher, and John de Boer International Development Research Centre Ottawa • Cairo • Montevideo • Nairobi • New Delhi iv First published 2018 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Co- published with the International Development Research Centre PO Box 8500, Ottawa, ON K1G 3H9 Canada [email protected] / www.idrc.ca The research presented in this publication was carried out with the fi nancial assistance of Canada’s International Development Research Centre and the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID). The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of IDRC or its Board of Governors, or those of DFID. © Contributors 2018. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. http:// creativecommons.org/ licenses/ by/ 4.0 Trademark notice : Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing- in- Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Salahub, Jennifer Erin, editor. | Gottsbacher, Markus, editor. | de Boer, John, editor. Title: Social theories of urban violence in the global south : towards safe and inclusive cities / edited by Jennifer Erin Salahub, Markus Gottsbacher and John de Boer. Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Routledge studies in cities and development | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifi ers: LCCN 2017052862 (print) | LCCN 2017054821 (ebook) | ISBN 9781351254724 (eBook) | ISBN 9780815368397 (hardback) Subjects: LCSH: Urban violence—Developing countries. | Violence—Developing countries. | Urbanization—Developing countries. | Urban policy—Developing countries. | Sociology, Urban—Developing countries. Classifi cation: LCC HN981.V5 (ebook) | LCC HN981.V5 S63 2018 (print) | DDC 303.609173/2—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017052862 ISBN: 978- 0- 815-3 6839- 7 (hbk) ISBN: 978- 1- 351- 25472- 4 (ebk) ISBN: 978- 1- 552-50597-7 (IDRC ebk) Typeset in Sabon by Out of House Publishing v Contents List of fi gures and tables vii Notes on contributors viii Foreword xv CAROLINE MOSER Acknowledgements xix Acronyms and abbreviations xx Introduction: Global South theories of urban violence, poverty, and inequalities 1 JENNIFER ERIN SALAHUB, JOHN DE BOER, AND MARKUS GOTTSBACHER PART I Gendered violences 13 1 Intersections of gender, mobility, and violence in urban Pakistan 15 NAUSHEEN H. ANWAR, SARWAT VIQAR, AND DAANISH MUSTAFA 2 Men in the city: changing gender relations and masculinities in Maputo, Mozambique 32 ESMERALDA MARIANO, HENNY SLEGH, AND S Í LVIA ROQUE 3 “We don’t know when the trucks will come”: the quest for safe and inclusive cities in Zimbabwe 49 JULIE STEWART AND ROSALIE KATSANDE, WITH OLGA CHISANGO AND SIAN MASEKO vi vi Contents PART II State violence 63 4 The state, violence, and everydayness: some insights from Delhi 65 MANOJ BANDAN BALSAMANTA AND BHIM REDDY 5 Urban community profi les: safe relocation and resettlement in post- war Sri Lanka 79 DANESH JAYATILAKA, RAJITH W. D. LAKSHMAN, AND IRESHA M. LAKSHMAN PART III Exclusion and violences 97 6 Violence and social exclusion in urban contexts in Central America 99 RODOLFO CALDER Ó N UMA Ñ A 7 Social disorganisation and neighbourhood effects in Latin America: insights and limitations 121 ENRIQUE DESMOND ARIAS AND XIMENA TOCORNAL MONTT 8 Urban poverty and institutions in Venezuela 139 ROBERTO BRICE Ñ O- LE Ó N PART IV Interpersonal violence 159 9 Understanding C ô te d’Ivoire’s “Microbes”: the political economy of a youth gang 161 FRANCIS AKIND È S 10 Preventing violence in Cape Town: the public- health approach 183 SAM LLOYD AND RICHARD MATZOPOULOS Conclusion: New perspectives on lasting solutions 208 JOHN DE BOER, JENNIFER ERIN SALAHUB, AND MARKUS GOTTSBACHER Index 214 vi Figures and tables Figures 1.1 Access to transport and roads in Karachi and Rawalpindi-Islamabad 20 1.2 Access to transportation across neighbourhoods in Rawalpindi-Islamabad 22 1.3 Access to transport across neighbourhoods in Karachi 22 6.1 Violence against children in the home 109 7.1 Box plot of police legitimacy 133 10.1 Ecological model for understanding and preventing violence 184 Tables 1.1 Correlation between transportation and victimisation 23 6.1 Indicators of social exclusion in the study areas 104 6.2 Violence reported by Costa Rican and Salvadoran households 106 7.1 Characteristics of the neighbourhoods studied 124 7.2 Population and poverty in the three cities 125 7.3 Victimisation and homicides in the three cities 125 7.4 Internal and external migration in the three cities 130 10.1 Outcomes 199 10.2 Urban upgrading 200 10.3 Economic and human development 201 10.4 Alcohol 202 10.5 Safety and security 203 vi Notes on contributors Foreword Caroline Moser is an urban social anthropologist and social policy spe- cialist, with more than 40 years of experience relating to urban and social development issues— ranging from academic to policy- focused research, teaching, and training. She has undertaken fi eld- based research on many topics: urban poverty, urban violence, household asset vulner- ability and accumulation strategies, gender and development, and the informal sector. Her work has taken her to Ecuador, Guatemala, Jamaica, and other countries. Caroline’s empirical research has also included social policy, community participation, the social dimensions of eco- nomic reform, human rights, and social protection. Most recently, she has studied urban adaptations to climate change in Mombasa, Kenya, and the role of women’s organisations in peace processes in Colombia. Caroline has taught at a number of institutions, both in the UK (the University of Manchester, the London School of Economics, and University College London) and abroad: the New School, New York. She has held senior positions at the World Bank, the Overseas Development Institute, and the Brookings Institution. Caroline has served as an advisor to many donor agencies and has been a member of the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements’ (Habitat) Huairou Commission, a visiting professor at the University