DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF JAMMU JAMMU SELF LEARNING MATERIAL B.A. Semester- I Subject - Political Science Unit - I to IV Course No. : PS-101 STANZIN SHAKYA COURSE CO-ORDINATOR http:/www.distanceeducationju.in Printed and Published on behalf of Directorate of Distance Education, University of Jammu by the Director, DDE, University of Jammu, Jammu. 1 INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE COURSE CONTRIBUTORS COURSE CONTRIBUTORS Diwakar Singh Jamwal Perminder Kour Seema Rohmitra Harpreet Kour Rita Munshi Bhawana Khajooria & Nisha Jain Kulwant Kour Prof. Vidya Bhushan Bhawana Khajooria Deepak Choudhary and Seema Rohmetra Deepak Choudhary Anurag Gangal Shashi Kumar & Seema Rohmetra Nagendra Rao Proof Read by Prof. Diwakar Singh Jamwal © Directorate of Distance Education, University of Jammu, Jammu, 2020 • All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the DDE, University of Jammu. • The script writer shall be responsible for the lesson/script submitted to the DDE and any plagiarism shall be his/her entire responsibility Printed by : Chenab Offset Printer/2020/800 2 POLITICAL SCIENCE Course No. PS-101 Title : Introduction to Political Science Duration of Exam : 3 Hrs. Total Marks : 100 Theory Examination : 80 Internal Assessment : 20 There shall be two written papers of 80 marks and of three hours duration each. 20 marks shall be reserved for internal assessment. Each paper will be set for 80 marks. In case of regular students, internal assessment received from the colleges will be added to the marks obtained by them in the University examination and in case of private candidates, marks obtained by them in the University examination shall be increased proportionately in accordance with the Statues/Regulations. Unit-I : Political Theory and Political Science 1.1 Introduction to Political Science, Politics and Political Theory 1.2 Nature and Scope of Political Science 1.3 Traditonal Approaches to the study of Political Science (Philosophical, Historical, Legal Institutional) 1.4 Modern Approaches (Behavioural and System) Unit-II : State : Origin & Nature 2.1 Meaning and Elements of State : Difference between State, Society and Nation 2.2 Theories of Origin of State : Divine, Historical/Evolutionary and Social Contract 2.3 Theories of Nature of State : Origin, Liberal and Marxist 2.4 Sovereignty and its Theories : Austin’s Theory and Pluralistic Theory Unit-III : Basic Concepts 3.1 Right and variuos Perspectives (Liberal and Marxist) and Concept of Justice (Social, Economic, Political and Legal) 3.2 Liberty, Equality and their Relationship 3.3 Power, Authority and Legitimacy 3 3.4 Democracy : Meaning, Evolution and Types Unit-IV : Major Ideologies 4.1 Liberalism : Classical, Modern and Contemporary 4.2 Socialism : Evolutionary (Fabian) and Revolutionary (Marxian) 4.3 Secularism : Western and Indian Perspectives 4.4 Feminism : Meaning and Issues Note for Paper Setting : The question paper shall be divided into two sections. Section -I It will carry 20 marks. There will be total 8 questions in this section. Stu- dents will attempt any five questions. Each questions will be of 4 marks. Section-II will consist of 08 questions of which students will have to attempt four questions on the basis of Within Unit Choice. The upper limit of each question will be 600 words. Each question will carry 15 marks. Internal Assessment (Total Marks : 20) 20 Marks for theory paper in a subject reserved for internal assessment shall be distributed as under:- (i) Class Test : 10 Marks (ii) Two Written Assignments/ Project reports : 10 Marks (05 marks each) Suggested Readings : Aggarwal , R.C. Political Theory , S. Anand, New Delhi, 2004 Heywood, Andrew Political Ideologies : An Introduction, Palgrave, N. York, 1992 Jain M.P. Political Theory, Guild, Delhi, 1989 Johri, J.C. Contemporary Political Theory : Basis Concepts and Trenders, Sterling Publishers,New Delhi, 1987 Joad, C.E.M. Modern Political Theory, Clarendon Press, Oxford , 1924 Kapoor. A.C Principles of Political Science, Strerling Publishers, 4 New Delhi, 1985 Laski, Harold Grammer of Politics, Yale University Press, Michigan, 1925 Ray, Amal : Political Theory : Ideas and Institutions, Battacharya, Mohit Eastern Publishers, New Delhi, 1962 Vermani, R.C. An Introduction to Political Theory, Gitanjali Publishing House, New Delhi, 2001 OP Gauba An Introduction to Political Theory 5 Political Science CONTENTS LESSON NO. TITLE PAGE NO. Unit-I : Political Theory and Political Science 1.1 Introduction to Political Science, Politics and Political Theory 5 1.2 Nature and Scope of Political Science 28 1.3 Traditonal Approaches to the study of Political Science 45 (Philosophical, Historical, Legal Institutional) 1.4 Modern Approaches (Behavioural and System) 62 Unit-II : State : Origin & Nature 2.1 Meaning and Elements of State : Difference between State, 84 Society and Nation 2.2 Theories of Origin of State : Divine, Historical/Evolutionary 103 and Social Contract 2.3 Theories of Nature of State : Origin, Liberal and Marxist 121 2.4 Sovereignty and its Theories : Austin’s Theory and 142 Pluralistic Theory Unit-III : Basic Concepts 3.1 Right and variuos Perspectives (Liberal and Marxist) and 162 Concept of Justice (Social, Economic, Political and Legal) 3.2 Liberty, Equality and their Relationship 196 3.3 Power, Authority and Legitimacy 211 3.4 Democracy : Meaning, Evolution and Types 233 Unit-IV : Major Ideologies 4.1 Liberalism : Classical, Modern and Contemporary 244 4.2 Socialism : Evolutionary (Fabian) and Revolutionary (Marxian) 268 4.3 Secularism : Western and Indian Perspectives 280 4.4 Feminism : Meaning and Issues 292 6 B. 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Semester-I Course No. : 101 (Political Science) UNIT – I POLITICAL THEORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO POLITICS, POLITICAL SCIENCE, AND POLITICAL THEORY STRUCTURE 1.1.0 OBJECTIVES 1.1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.1.2 DEFINING POLITICS 1.1.3 Different conceptions of politics 1.1.4 Politics as art of government 1.1.5 Politics as public affair 1.1.6 Politics as compromise and consensus 1.1.7 Politics as power 1.1.8 POLITICAL THEORY 1.1.9 Meaning 1.1.10 Major Aspects of Political Theory 1.1.11 Nature of Political Theory 1.1.12 Political Science as History 7 1.1.13 Political Science as Philosophy 1.1.14 Political Science as Science 1.1.15 Political Theory: Growth and Evolution 1.1.16 Decline of Political Theory 1.1.17 POLITICS/POLITICAL SCIENCE AS A DISCIPLINE 1.1.18 History 1.1.19 The Rise and fall of Roman Empire 1.1.20 The Middle Ages 1.1.21 Indian-Sub Continent 1.1.22 East Asia 1.1.23 The Renaissance 1.1.24 The Enlightenment 1.1.25 Modern Political Science 1.1.26 Behavioural Revolution and New Institutionalism 1.1.27 LET US SUM UP 1.1.0 OBJECTIVES After going through this lesson, student should be able to understand: The different conceptions of politics. The evolution of political science from Greek city state to modern era. The changing meaning and nature of political science. The relation between politics, political science and political theory. 8 The nature, evolution and decline of political theory 1.1.1 INTRODUCTION Politics is exciting becaus e people disagree. They disagree about how they should live. Who should get what? How should power and other resources be distributed? Should society be based on cooperation or conflict? And so on. They also disagree about how such matters should be resolved. How should collective decisions be made? Who should have a say? How much influence should each person have? And so forth. For Aristotle, this made politics the ‘master science’: that is, nothing less than the activity through which human beings attempt to improve their lives and create the Good Society. Politics is, above all, a social activity. It is always a dialogue, and never a monologue. Nevertheless, the disagreement that lies at the heart of politics also extends to the nature of the subject and how it should be studied. People disagree about what it is that makes social interaction ‘political’, whether it is where it takes place (within government, the state or the public sphere generally), or the kind of activity it involves (peacefully resolving conflict or exercising control over less powerful groups). 1.1.2 DEFINING POLITICS Politics, in its broadest sense, is the activity through which people make, preserve and amend the general rules under which they live. Although politics is also an academic subject (sometimes indicated by the use of ‘Politics’ with a capital P), it is then clearly the study of this activity. Politics is thus inextricably linked to the phenomena of conflict and cooperation. On the one hand, the existence of rival opinions, different wants, competing needs and opposing interests guarantees disagreement about the rules under which people live. On the other hand, people recognize that, in order to influence these rules or ensure that they are upheld, they must work with others hence Hannah Arendt's definition of polit ical power as ‘acting in concert’. This is why the heart of politics is often portrayed as a process of conflict resolution, in which rival views or competing interests are reconciled with one another. However, politics in this broad sense is better thought of as a search for conflict resolution than as its achievement, as not all conflicts are, or can be, resolved. Nevertheless, the inescapable presence of 9 diversity (we are not all alike) and scarcity (there is never enough to go around) ensures that politics is an inevitable feature of the human condition. 1.1.3 DIFFERENT CONCEPTIONS OF POLITICS Politics may be treated as an ‘essentially contested’ concept, in the sense that the term has a number of acceptable or legitimate meanings. On the other hand, these different views may simply consist of contrasting conceptions of the same, if necessarily vague, concept.