Cover_Fouad.pdf 1 18/10/16 11:59 species identification, population diversity and crop resistance Root-lesion and cyst nematodes in cereal fields Morocco: C M Y CM MY CY CMY K Root-lesion and cyst nematodes in cereal fields in Morocco: species identification, population diversity and crop resistance Mokrini Fouad MOKRINI Fouad ISBN 978-9-0598993-1-5 2016 9 789059 899315 Promoters: Prof. Em. dr. ir. Maurice Moens Department of Crop Protection Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Merelbeke, Belgium Prof. dr. ir. Nicole Viaene Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences Ghent University, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Merelbeke, Belgium Prof. dr. ir. Luc Tirry Department of Crop Protection Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Dean: Prof. dr. ir. Marc Van Meirvenne Rector: Prof. dr. Anne De Paepe I MOKRINI FOUAD Root-lesion and cyst nematodes in cereal fields in Morocco: species identification, population diversity and crop resistance Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor (PhD) in Applied Biological Sciences II Dutch translation of the title: Wortellesie- en cystenematoden in de graanteelt in Marokko: soortbepaling, populatiediversiteit en gewasresistentie Illustration on the front cover: from left to right, a perineal pattern and cyst of Heterodera species; Vermiform stage of Pratylenchus thornei; Plants showing poor growth and serious reduction in tillering caused by Pratylenchus spp. Citation: Mokrini, F. 2016. Root-lesion and cyst nematodes in cereal fields in Morocco: species identification, population diversity and crop resistance. PhD thesis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium. ISBN number: 978-90-5989-931-5 The author and the promoters give the authorisation to consult and to copy parts of this work for personal use only. Every other use is subject to the copyright laws. Permission to reproduce any material contained in this work should be obtained from the author. III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My thesis work has received the financial support of a PhD scholarship of the Islamic Development bank (IDB) and Ghent University. Scientifically, my work has benefited from the faculty of Bioscience Engineering of Ghent University, the Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Belgium and the National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Morocco. It is my privilege to express my sincere thanks to all who helped me directly or indirectly during my four-year study. First of all I would like to express a particular gratitude to my promoters, Prof. Maurice Moens and Prof Nicole Viaene who have afforded me constant guidance and encouragement throughout this research project. Under their guidance, I successfully overcame many difficulties and learned a lot about how to work with nematodes. I would never be able to thank them enough for being my supervisors. They were always helpful, kind and optimistic and they have played an enormous role in my academic and personal development. Moreover, you were always open for discussion and gave me plenty of freedom to develop all my interests in different aspects of research which I sincerely appreciate. I wish to thank Prof. Luc Tirry for the encouragement and support during my PhD research. Thanks a lot. I greatly value the contributions of my examination committee members, Prof. Godelieve Gheysen, Prof. Ronald Perry, Prof. Sergei Subbotin, Prof. Björn Niere, Prof. Ricardo Holgado and Prof. Dirk Reheul for their valuable comments and suggestions. This work was only possible because of Prof. Mohamed Badraoui, director of INRA Morocco, and I would like to thank him for giving me this chance to obtain my PhD degree. I wish to extend my deepest thanks Dr Mrabet Rachid, the head of Scientific Division (INRA-Morocco), Dr Dahan Rachid, General Secretary (INRA- Morocco) and Dr. Sbaghi Mohammed, the head of the Plant Protection Department in INRA, for their support during IV the accomplishment of this thesis. My special thanks go to Mr. Abbad Andaloussi for his support during my research. I am pleased to acknowledge the assistance and help of Lieven Waeyenberge with the molecular part of my work. I am very appreciative to his wife, Nancy de Sutter for technical support, caring of my nematodes while far away from the laboratory of the Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Merelbeke, Belgium. I would especially like to thank both of them for providing a stimulating environment that was most conducive for research and by doing so contributing to the successful completion of this study. My special thanks to Dr. Amer Dababat from CYMMIT, Turkey, who provided me the lines of wheat used in my thesis. This PhD, as a scientific and academic achievement, would never have been completed without the tireless and - from frequent scientific discussions- well-proven contribution of my dear friend Molecular Plant Virologist and Bacteriologist Rachid Tahzima from ILVO/University of Liège, who took in hand the shaping of my PhD life during my stay here in Ghent-Belgium. My ILVO integration and scientific fulfilment till the preparation of this PhD thesis were to a large extent induced under his always wise influence as scientist and as well-caring brother. For your inestimable encouragements, patient help in keeping demanding excellence and crafting critical revisions with scientific insight of my manuscripts, I owe you, dear Rachid, a very special debt of my gratitude and my best wishes for your PhD research. Dear Negin, I would like to thank you for all the support and concern, I will never forget your help. I wish you a very happy life and lots of success after you PhD. During my PhD, I worked at the ILVO-Unit Plant Crop Protection where I felt the kindness of all staff and people. I obtained plenty of scientific support and humanity from them: Kristiaan Van Laecke, Martine Maes, Kurt Heungens, Hans Casteels, Wim Wesemael, Jane Debode, Anne-Marie, Anca, Nicole Damme, Stephanie Beelaert, Nick Berkvens, Kris De Jonghe, Noémi, Kris VP, Sébastien, Inge, Shana, Johan VV, Free, Thomas, Serge, Elena, Johan Dick, Cindy, Nadine & Cindy and all the others that I might have forgotten to mention V their name here for always being so kind and helpful to me. I appreciate the help that I received from all of you. Thanks also to Steve Baeyen for his assistance in lab computer works. I wish to send my regards to Mireille De Smet, Caroline Van Overmeire and Souad. I would also like to acknowledge fellow students and friends including Zadji Lionel, Fateh Toumi, Alagyire Kubeba at ILVO Belgium. My special thank to all the Staff of INRA-Agadir, Drs Mimouni Abdelaziz, Wifaya Ahmed, Azim Khalid, Elame Fouad, Rachid bouharoud, Youssef Karra, Sedki Mohamed and Bouzoubaa Zakia for their support. I am deeply indebted to my best friend Tarik Zahhari, Bouchikhi Mohamed, and Hassan El Mayad, who fully supported me throughout my doctoral work. At last but not least, I would like to thank my wife, my parents and my brothers. To them I dedicate this thesis. VI Table of contents List of abbreviations………………………………………………………………………...XI List of figure…………..………………………………………………………………..…..XII List of tables…………..………………………………………………………………….....XV Summary…………………………………………………………………………………..XIII Samenvatting……………………………………………………………………………..XXII Chapter 1: General introduction…………………………………………………………….1 Chapter 2: The importance, biology and management strategies of cereal cyst nematodes (Heterodera spp.) and root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.)…………….6 2.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………...7 2.2 The cereal cyst nematodes (CCN)........................................................................................7 2.2.1 Taxonomical position (Siddiqi, 2000).........................................................................8 2.2.2 Distribution and importance........................................................................................8 2.2.3 Identification of Heterodera species............................................................................9 2.2.4 Cereal cyst nematode pathotypes...............................................................................10 2.2.5 Biology.......................................................................................................................10 2.2.6 Symptoms...................................................................................................................12 2.2.7 Major methods of control...........................................................................................13 2.3 The root-lesion nematodes (RLN) Pratylenchus spp.........................................................16 2.3.1 Taxonomical position.................................................................................................16 2.3.2 Life cycle....................................................................................................................16 2.3.3 Importance and geographical distribution of Pratylenchus species in wheat............18 2.3.4 Symptoms...................................................................................................................19 2.3.5 Management of Pratylenchus species on wheat.........................................................20 2.3.5.1 Cultural practices.................................................................................................21 2.3.5.2 Resistance............................................................................................................22