Desktop Report Indigenous Cultural Heritage and History within the Metropolitan Melbourne Investigation Area A report to the Victorian Environmental Assessment Council By: Dr Shaun Canning and Dr Frances Thiele Date: February 2010 Client Name: VEAC Client Contact: Dr Mel Mitchell Address: Level 6, 8 Nicholson Street, Melbourne, Vic, 3002 Indigenous Cultural Heritage and History within the Metropolitan Melbourne Investigation Area Indigenous Cultural Heritage and History within the Metropolitan Melbourne Investigation Area A report to the Victorian Environmental Assessment Council By: Dr Shaun Canning and Dr Frances Thiele Date: February 2010 Client Name: VEAC Client Contact: Dr Mel Mitchell Address: Level 6, 8 Nicholson Street, Melbourne, Vic, 3002 VEAC01 Page | ii Indigenous Cultural Heritage and History within the Metropolitan Melbourne Investigation Area Ownership and Disclaimer Ownership of the intellectual property rights of ethnographic information provided by Aboriginal people remains the property of those named persons. Ownership of the primary materials created in the course of the research remains the property of Australian Cultural Heritage Management (Victoria) Pty Ltd. This report, including any intellectual property therein, remains the property of VEAC. This report may not be used, copied, sold, published, reproduced or distributed wholly or in part without the prior written consent of VEAC. The professional advice and opinions contained in this report are those of the consultants, Australian Cultural Heritage Management (Victoria) Pty Ltd, and do not represent the opinions and policies of any third party. The professional advice and opinions contained in this report do not constitute legal advice. Spatial Data Spatial data captured by Australian Cultural Heritage Management (Victoria) Pty Ltd in this report for any newly recorded sites has been obtained by using hand held or differential GPS units using the GDA94 co‐ordinate system. VEAC01 Page | iii Indigenous Cultural Heritage and History within the Metropolitan Melbourne Investigation Area Abbreviations Term Meaning AAV Aboriginal Affairs Victoria ACHM Australian Cultural Heritage Management (Vic) Pty Ltd In Situ in the original place of deposition VEAC Victorian Environmental Assessment Council Acknowledgements ACHM would like to acknowledge and thank the following people, in alphabetical order: Bill Nicholson ‐ Wurundjeri Tribe Land and Compensation Council Inc Bryon Powell ‐ Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation Darren Griffin – Manager, Cultural Heritage, Wurundjeri Tribe Land and Compensation Council Inc Diane Kerr ‐ Wurundjeri Tribe Land and Compensation Council Inc Doreen Garvey ‐ Wurundjeri Tribe Land and Compensation Council Inc Dr Mel Mitchell – Victorian Environmental Assessment Council Emma Rae – Aboriginal Affairs Victoria Meg Goulding ‐ Interim CEO, Wurundjeri Tribe Land and Compensation Council Inc. Shannon Whity – Aboriginal Affairs Victoria VEAC01 Page | iv Indigenous Cultural Heritage and History within the Metropolitan Melbourne Investigation Area Table of contents Ownership and Disclaimer ........................................................................................................................................ iii Spatial Data ............................................................................................................................................................... iii Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................................ iv Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................... iv 1 Pre‐Contact history of Melbourne ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Climate and Climate History ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Pleistocene ............................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Holocene .................................................................................................................................................. 3 1.4 Ethnographic Evidence ............................................................................................................................. 3 1.4.1 Social Organization ........................................................................................................................ 4 1.5 Economy ................................................................................................................................................... 5 1.5.1 Trade and Exchange ...................................................................................................................... 6 1.6 Aboriginal Land Use Model ...................................................................................................................... 6 1.6.1 Coast .............................................................................................................................................. 7 1.6.2 Basalt Plains ................................................................................................................................... 7 1.6.3 River and Creek Valleys ................................................................................................................. 7 1.6.4 Hills ................................................................................................................................................ 7 1.7 Archaeological Research .......................................................................................................................... 8 1.8 Port Phillip Inundation ............................................................................................................................. 9 1.9 Archaeological Sites ................................................................................................................................. 9 1.9.1 Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register (VAHR) ............................................................................ 10 1.9.2 Case Study – Woodlands Historic Park ........................................................................................ 10 2 Post European Contact Aboriginal History ....................................................................................................... 12 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 12 2.2 Thematic History .................................................................................................................................... 12 2.2.1 Contact ........................................................................................................................................ 12 2.2.2 Protection and ‘Civilisation’......................................................................................................... 12 2.2.3 Native Police and the Law ........................................................................................................... 13 2.2.4 Dispossession .............................................................................................................................. 14 2.2.5 Dislocation and Concentration .................................................................................................... 14 2.2.6 King and Country ......................................................................................................................... 15 2.2.7 Assimilation ................................................................................................................................. 15 2.2.8 Taking Back Control ..................................................................................................................... 16 2.2.9 Sharing Place ............................................................................................................................... 17 2.3 Historic Places ........................................................................................................................................ 17 2.3.1 Contact ........................................................................................................................................ 17 2.3.2 Protection and ‘Civilisation’......................................................................................................... 17 VEAC01 Page | v Indigenous Cultural Heritage and History within the Metropolitan Melbourne Investigation Area 2.3.3 Native Police and the Law ........................................................................................................... 19 2.3.4 Dispossession .............................................................................................................................. 19 2.3.5 Dislocation and Concentration .................................................................................................... 20 2.3.6 King and Country ......................................................................................................................... 20 2.3.7 Assimilation ................................................................................................................................