Vol. 12, No. 1 , Winter 2011 CONTENTS 3 EDITOR’S CORNER 4 VALOUR MILITARY ETHICS 6 ETHICS, HUMAN RIGHts, AND THE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT by Louis-Philippe F. Rouillard Cover STRATEGIC AND OPERATIONAL CONCERNS OPERATION MANNA. Painting by John Rutherford. 15 SECURITY Force CAPACITY BUILDING: Courtesy of the artist LOCAL OWNERSHIP VERSUS HUMAN CAPITAL and the Bomber Command by Tyler Wentzell Museum of Canada. 23 COMbatinG CORRUPTION IN AFGHanistan by Dan Green MILITARY PLANNING 30 DESIGN AND JOINT OPERATION PlanninG by Daniel H. McCauley MILITARY HISTORY 41 GOUZENKO TO GorbacHev: CANADA’S COLD WAR by Jack Granatstein ETHICS, HUMAN VIEWS AND OPINIONS RIGHTS, AND THE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT 54 VictorY by Ryan Clow 59 AM I SPEAKING JAPANESE? Cultural IMPlications IN LANGuaGE TRAINING by Dana Batho 65W HEN I THINK OF ROYAL MilitarY COLLEGE SAINT-JEAN... by Chantal Beauvais COMMENTARY 68 THE REPort ON TRANSFORMation 2011 by Martin Shadwick SECURITY FORCE 72 BOOK REVIEWS CAPACITY BUILDING: LOCAL OWNERSHIP VERSUS HUMAN CAPITAL Canadian Military Journal / Revue militaire canadienne is the official professional journal of the Canadian Forces and the Department of National Defence. It is published quarterly under authority of the Minister of National Defence. Opinions expressed or implied in this publication are those of the author, and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of National Defence, the Canadian Forces, Canadian Military Journal, or any agency of the Government of Canada. Crown copyright is retained. Articles may be reproduced with permission of the Editor, on condition that appropriate credit is given to Canadian Military Journal. Each issue of the Journal is published simultaneously in print and electronic versions; it is available on the Internet at www.journal.forces.gc.ca. ISSN 1492-465X Vol. 12, No. 1, Winter 2011 • Canadian Military Journal 1 CANADIAN How to Contact Us Canadian Military Journal / MILITARY Revue militaire canadienne JOURNAL Canadian Defence Academy www.journal.forces.gc.ca PO Box 17000, Station Forces Kingston, Ontario CANADA, K7K 7B4 Fax: (613) 541-6866 Editor-in-Chief Publication Manager David L. Bashow Claire Chartrand E-mail: [email protected] (613) 541-5010 ext. 6148 (613) 541-5010 ext. 6837 [email protected] [email protected] Editorial Advisor Commentary Michael Boire Martin Shadwick Oversight Committee Chairman Major-General Pierre Forgues, Commander, Canadian Defence Academy (CDA) DESIGN AND JOINT Members OPERATION PLANNING Mr. David L. Bashow, Editor-in-Chief, Brigadier-General Éric Tremblay, Commandant Canadian Military Journal (CMJ) Royal Military College of Canada (RMCC) Dr. Joel Sokolsky, Principal, Colonel Bernd Horn, Chief of Staff Strategic Training Royal Military College of Canada (RMCC) and Education Programs (COS STEP), Canadian Defence Academy (CDA) Colonel Jim Cottingham, representing Commander Guy Phillips, Instructor, Canadian Forces Chief of the Air Staff (CAS) Military Law Centre (CFMLC), Canadian Defence Commander Hugues Canuel, representing Academy (CDA) Chief of the Maritime Staff (CMS) Ms. Hanya Soliman, representing Chief of the Major Andrew Godefroy, representing Director Defence Intelligence (CDI) General Land Capability Development (DGLCD) GOUZENKO TO GORBACHEV: Editorial Board CANADA’S COLD WAR Dr. Douglas Bland Lieutenant-Colonel (ret’d) David Last Chief Warrant Officer J.M. Chiasson Dr. Chris Madsen Lieutenant-Colonel (ret’d) Douglas Delaney Dr. Sean Maloney Dr. Rocky J. Dwyer Professor Brian McKercher Lieutenant-Colonel (ret’d) Michael Goodspeed Dr. Paul Mitchell Major John Grodzinski Dr. Nezih Mrad Dr. David Hall Dr. Scot Robertson Professor Michael Hennessy Professor Stéphane Roussel Professor Hamish Ion Professor Elinor Sloan Philippe Lagassé Colonel (ret’d) Randall Wakelam WHEN I THINK OF ROYAL MILITARY COLLEGE SAINT-JEAN... NOTE TO READERS As a bilingual journal, readers should take note that where citations in endnotes are translated from their original language, we will use the abbreviation ‘TOQ’ at the end of the note to indicate that readers can find the original citations in the other language version of the Journal. 2 Canadian Military Journal • Vol. 12, No. 1, Winter 2011 EDITOR’S CORNER elcome to yet another frosty winter edition of informed by [American] experiences there, and enriched by the Canadian Military Journal. Since these the best practices of previous counterinsurgency efforts.” words are being penned during our annual Needless to say, past and future applications to Canadian period of national remembrance, I believe our experiences make for compelling reading. cover image merits special attention. W With respect to military planning, retired US Air Force During the spring of 1945, at the end of April, a large Lieutenant Colonel Daniel McCauley, currently a National pocket of resistance in western Holland, deliberately bypassed Defense University assistant professor teaching at the Joint and and sealed off by the advancing Allied land forces, was still Combined Warfighting School in Norfolk, Virginia, opines that under the control of the Germans. Many of the estimated three today’s complex operational environment “… requires planners million Dutch citizens contained therein were close to starva- to take a much broader approach to planning, to include a tion. In due course, a truce was arranged with the local German whole-of-government approach to these types of operations.” occupation forces, who designated ten acceptable drop zones, He acknowledges that the US (and allies) have shifted focus to and also acknowledged the need for additional truck convoys a ‘shaping’ strategy that attempts to influence today’s events in carrying supplies after the air drops were accomplished. The an attempt to make future combat operations unnecessary. first of the drops occurred on 29 April at the village of McCauley further suggests: “Design will never overcome Waardenburg on the Waal River, and although the river bank uncertainty or chaos, but it will help the planner understand the bristled with flak emplacements, restraint on both sides pre- interactive and changing nature of types of environments vailed, and there was no enemy action on this inaugural day of within which US forces will operate in the future.” Operation Manna. From 29 April to 7 May, Bomber Command Lancasters made 2835 relief sorties to the beleaguered area, Our historical section is honoured to present a submission delivering 6672 tons of food by air before the Germans sur- from Jack Granatstein, one of Canada’s most respected histo- rendered. The truce held throughout, and subsequent drops rians, and a frequent contributor to the Canadian Military were carried out on The Hague and Rotterdam. Journal. This time, Jack takes an in-depth look at Canada’s participation in the Cold War in the wake of the Second World The cover image is Operation Manna by the British War. He maintains: “…Three streams of opinion shaped Columbia artist John Rutherford. This painting, generously Canada’s Cold War: internationalism, continentalism, and gracing our cover courtesy of both the artist and the Canadian nationalism,” but concludes that it was continentalism that Bomber Command Museum in Nanton, Alberta, was commis- ultimately held sway over the other competing ideologies. sioned for the museum’s Operation Manna Commemoration in July 1995. The aircraft depicted in the foreground over the In our Views and Opinions section, Ryan Clow, an RMC Waal River is a 625 (RAF) Squadron Lancaster flown by graduate with a Masters in War Studies and currently a civilian Flying Officer Joe English. Currently a resident of Nanton, employee with Canadian Special Operations Forces Command, Mr. English and his wartime crew were aboard one of the lead strongly advocates that: “Non-compromised victory should be aircraft on the opening day of the operation to Waardenburg. the only resolution we in the West seek in the war against terror- They were unanimous in their agreement that, to them, this ism.” Next, Dana Batho, a recent RMC graduate, budding raid truly was “… the best raid of the war.” This also was, by Intelligence Officer, and presently, a post-graduate student in any yardstick, bombing with a gentler purpose. International Affairs at Carleton University, discusses the chal- lenges of working in a foreign nation or culture, and makes a On to our rather eclectic current issue… ‘Taking the strong advocacy case for how much cultural awareness can be point’ this time out, Dr. Louis-Philippe Rouillard, the Defence acquired through foreign language acquisition. Chantal Beauvais, Ethics Programme’s Conflict of Interest and Programme the rector of Saint Paul University, Ottawa, in a reprint of a Administration Manager, continues the debate on ethics, Convocation address she delivered at the Collège militaire royale human rights, and their relationship to the Law of Armed de Saint-Jean last May, then presents her views on military life Conflict (LOAC). Herein, he offers a proposal to reframe and service. In the words of Major-General (ret’d) Daniel legal-ethical thinking, and proposes a method “… by which to Gosselin, the former commander of the Canadian Defence achieve implementation through the existing international Academy: “It is short but superb in its simple messaging.” With legal system, including the collective security system, the the issues of ethics and values resurfacing by virtue of a few LOAC, and international human rights.” recent incidents and the aforementioned dialogue and debate,