06/10/2019 Quantum Reality and Cosmology Quantum Reality and Cosmology Complementarity and Spooky Paradoxes Genotype 1.0.65 Oct 19 - PDF For significant updates, follow @dhushara on Twitter Contents Quantum Cosmology 1. The Quantum Universe 2. Origin of Time and Space 3. The Holographic principle, Entanglement, Space-Time and Gravity 4. Inflation, Dark Matter and Dark Energy 5. Cosmic Symmetry-Breaking, Inflation and Grand Unification 6. String Theory, Quantum Gravity and Space-time Structure 7. Exotic Cosmologies Quantum Theory and Relativity 1. The Wave. the Particle and the Quantum 2. Two-slit Interference and Complementarity 3. The Cat Paradox and the Role of Conciousness 4. The Two-timing Nature of Special Relativity 5. Reality and Virtuality: Quantum fields and Seething Uncertainty Quantum Reality 1. The Spooky Nature of Quantum Entanglement 2. Delayed Choice, Quantum Erasure, Entanglement Swapping and Procrastination 3. Quantum Teleportation, Computing and Cryptography 4. Weak Quantum Measurement, Surreal Trajectories and Many Interacting Worlds 5. Quantum Decoherence, Darwinism, Discord and Recoherence 6. Quantum Chaos and Entanglement Coupling 7. Time Crystals, Reversing Time's Arrow 8. Quantum Match-making: Transactional Supercausality and Reality 9. Quantum Paradoxes of Tme and Causality 10. The Sexually-Complex Quantum World Appendix: Complementary Views of Quantum Mechanics and Field Theory References Introduction This article is designed to give an overview of all the developments in quantum reality and cosmology, from the theory of everything to the spooky properties of quantum reality that may lie at the root of the conscious mind. Along the way, it takes a look at just about every kind of weird quantum effect so far discovered, while managing a description which the general reader can follow without a great deal of former knowledge of the area. The Quantum Universe The universe appears to have had an explosive beginning, sometimes called the big bang, in which space and time as well as the material leading to the galaxies were created. The evidence is pervasive, from the increasing red-shift of recession of the galaxy clusters, like the deepening sound of a train horn as the train recedes, to the existence of cosmic background radiation, the phenomenally stretched and cooled remnants of the original fireball. The cosmic background shows irregularities of the early universe at the time radiation separated from matter when the first atoms formed from the flux of charged particles. From a very regular symmetrical 'isotropic ' beginning for such an explosion, these fluctuations, which may be of a quantum nature, have become phenomenally expanded and smoothed to the scale of galaxies consistent with a theory called inflation. The large-scale structure of the universe in our vicinity, out to a billion light years surrounding the Milky Way, our super-cluster Laneakea, and even larger structures, including the Shapley Atractor and dipole Repeller, shaped by variations in dark matter, as in the MIllennium simulation are shown in Fig 1. file:///Volumes/CK1TB/Domains/public_html/dhushara.com/paradoxhtm/quant.htm 1/62 06/10/2019 Quantum Reality and Cosmology Fig 2:(a) The cosmic background - a red-shifted primal fireball (WMAP). This radiation separated from matter, as charged plasma condensed to atoms. The fluctuations are smoothed in a manner consistent with subsequent inflation. (b) Eternal inflation and big bounce models. Fractal inflation model leaves behind mature universes while inflation continues endlessly. Big crunch leads to a new big(ger) bang. (c) Darwin in Eden: "Paradise on the cosmic equator. " - life is an interactive complexity catastrophe consummating in intelligent organisms, resulting ultimately from force differentiation. This summative Σ interactive state is thus cosmological and as significant as the α of its origin and Ω of the big crunch or heat death in endless expansion. Origin of Time and Space: In special relativity, the space-time interval (3) can be expressed either (left) in terms of real time in Minkowski space in which the interval is independent of the inertial frame of reference under the Lorenz transformations of special relativity, or equivalently (right) in terms of imaginary time in ordinary Euclidean 4-D space. These two are generalized in higher spatial dimensions into anti-De Sitter and De Sitter space respectively (see fig 3(b)). Hartle and Hawking suggest that if we could travel backward in time toward the beginning of the Universe, we would note that quite near what might have otherwise been the beginning, time gives way to space such that at first there is only space and no time. Beginnings are entities that have to do with time; because time did not exist before the Big Bang, the concept of a beginning of the Universe is meaningless. According to the Hartle-Hawking proposal, the Universe has no origin as we would understand it: the Universe was a singularity in both space and time, pre-Big Bang. Thus, the Hartle-Hawking state Universe, or its wave function, has no beginning - it simply has no initial boundaries in time nor space, rather like the south pole of the Earth in Euclidean space with imaginary time, but becomes a singularity in Minkowsi space in real time. According to the theory, time diverged from a three-state dimension after the Universe was at the age of Planck time , the time required for light to travel in a vacuum a distance of 1 Planck length , or approximately 5.39 x 10-44 s. Because the Planck time comes from dimensional analysis, to produce a factor with the dimensionality of time from fundamental units, which ignores constant factors, the Planck length and time represent a rough scale at which quantum gravitational effects are likely to become important. Also since the universe was finite and without boundary in its beginning, according to Hawking, it should ultimately contract again. The Holographic Principle, Entanglement, Space-Time and Gravity Two forms of evidence link quantum entanglement to cosmological processes that may involve gravity and the structure of space-time. The holographic primciple asserts that in a variety of unified theories, an n-D theory can be holographically represented by the physics of a corresponding (n-1)-D theory on a surface enclosing the region. Fig 3: (a) An illustration of the holographic principle in which physics on the 3D interior of a region, involving gravitational forces represented as strings, is determined by a 2D holographic representation on the boundary in terms of the physics of particle interactions. This correspondence has been successfully used in condensed matter physics to represent the transition to superconductivity, as the dual of a cooling black hole's "halo" (Merali 2011), Sachdev arXiv:1108.1197) (b) Holographic principle explained. Einstein's field equations can be represented on anti-de Sitter space, a space similar to hyperbolic geometry, where there is an infinite distance from any point to the boundary. This 'bulk' space can also be thought of as a tensor network as in (c). In (1998) Juan Maldacena discovered a 1-1 correspondence between the gravitational tensor geometry in this space with a conformal quantum field theory like standard particle field theories on the boundary. A particle interaction in the volume would be represented as a more complex field interaction on the boundary, just as a hologram can generate a complex 3D image from wavefront information on a 2D photographic plate (Cowen 2015). The holographic principle can be used to generate dualities between higher dimensional string theories and more tractable theories that avoid the infinities that can arise when we try to do the analogue of Feynman diagrams to do perturbation theory calculations in string theory. (c) Entanglement plays a pivotal role because whan the entanglement between two regions on the boundary is reduced to zero, the bulk space pinches off and separates into two regions. (d) In an application to cosmology, entanglement on the horizon of black holes may occur if and only if a wormhole in space-time connects their interiors. Einstein and Rosen addressed both worm-holes and the pair-splitting EPR experiment. Juan Maldacena sent colleague Leonard Susskind the cryptic message ER=EPR outlining the root idea that entanglement and worm-holes were different views of the same phenomenon (Maldacena and Susskind 2013, Ananthaswamy 2015). (e) Time may itself be an emergent property of quantum entanglement (Moreva et al. 2013). An external observer (1) sees a fixed correlated state, while an internal observer using one particle of a correlated pair as a clock (2) sees the quantum state evolving through two time measurements using polarization-rotating quartz plates and two beam splitters PBS1 and PBS2. The Holographic Principle: A collaboration between physicists and mathematicians has made a significant step toward unifying general relativity and quantum mechanics by explaining how spacetime emerges from quantum entanglement in a more fundamental theory. The holographic principle states that gravity in say a three-dimensional volume can be described by quantum mechanics on a two-dimensional surface surrounding the volume. The process applies generaly to anti-de Sitter file:///Volumes/CK1TB/Domains/public_html/dhushara.com/paradoxhtm/quant.htm 2/62 06/10/2019 Quantum Reality and Cosmology spaces modelling gravitation in n-dimensions and conformal field theories in (n-1)-dimensions and plays a central role in decoding string and M-theories. Juan Maldacena's (1998) paper has become the most cited one in theoretical physics, with over 7000 citations. Now the researchers have found that quantum entanglement is the key to solving this question. Using a quantum theory (that does not include gravity), they showed how to compute the energy density, which is a source of gravitational interactions in three dimensions, using quantum entanglement data on the surface. This allowed them to interpret universal properties of quantum entanglement as conditions on the energy density that should be satisfied by any consistent quantum theory of gravity, without actually explicitly including gravity in the theory (Lin et al.