University of Warwick institutional repository: http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap/57324 This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. COINAGE IN LATE HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN SYRIA: THE ORONTES VALLEY (1 ST CENTURY BC - 3RD CENTURY AD) by Jack Antoine Nurpetlian A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Classics and Ancient History University of Warwick, Department of Classics and Ancient History February 2013 CONTENTS CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................................II ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................... XIII CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 A. NUMISMATIC BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................... 3 B. GEOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................. 5 C. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................................... 6 1. Apamea (Qalat al-Mudiq) ........................................................................................................... 6 2. Larissa (Shayzar) ....................................................................................................................... 10 3. Epiphanea (Hama) .................................................................................................................... 10 4. Raphanea (Rafniyeh) ................................................................................................................. 11 5. Arethusa (ar-Rastan) ................................................................................................................. 13 6. Emesa (Homs) ........................................................................................................................... 13 7. Laodicea ad Libanum (Tell Nebi Mend) ..................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER II: CATALOGUE ................................................................................................................ 18 A. APAMEA ........................................................................................................................................... 20 1. Civic issues................................................................................................................................. 20 a. Group 1 ................................................................................................................................................. 20 b. Group 2 ................................................................................................................................................ 26 c. Group 3 ................................................................................................................................................. 36 2. Augustus ................................................................................................................................... 41 3. Tiberius ...................................................................................................................................... 43 4. Claudius ..................................................................................................................................... 45 B. LARISSA ............................................................................................................................................ 47 1. Civic issues................................................................................................................................. 47 C. EPIPHANEA ........................................................................................................................................ 48 D. RAPHANEA ........................................................................................................................................ 49 1. Elagabalus ................................................................................................................................. 49 E. ARETHUSA ......................................................................................................................................... 54 F. EMESA .............................................................................................................................................. 55 1. Antoninus Pius........................................................................................................................... 55 2. Caracalla ................................................................................................................................... 61 3. Macrinus ................................................................................................................................... 75 4. Elagabalus ................................................................................................................................. 83 5. Uranius Antoninus ..................................................................................................................... 91 G. LAODICEA AD LIBANUM ....................................................................................................................... 99 1. Septimius Severus ..................................................................................................................... 99 2. Caracalla ................................................................................................................................. 102 3. Macrinus ................................................................................................................................. 104 4. Elagabalus ............................................................................................................................... 105 CHAPTER III: PRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 106 A. APAMEA ......................................................................................................................................... 106 1. Civic issues............................................................................................................................... 111 a. Group 1 (Cat. nos. 1-4) ....................................................................................................................... 115 b. Group 2 (Cat. nos. 5-8) ....................................................................................................................... 116 c. Group 3 (Cat. nos. 9-12) ..................................................................................................................... 117 2. Augustus (Cat. nos. 13-14) ..................................................................................................... 118 3. Tiberius (Cat. nos. 15-16) ....................................................................................................... 118 ii 4. Claudius (Cat. nos. 17-19) ....................................................................................................... 119 B. LARISSA (C AT . NOS . 20-21) ............................................................................................................... 126 C. EPIPHANEA ...................................................................................................................................... 127 D. RAPHANEA (C AT . NOS . 22-24) ........................................................................................................... 128 E. ARETHUSA ....................................................................................................................................... 130 F. EMESA ............................................................................................................................................ 131 1. Antoninus Pius (Cat. nos. 26-28) ............................................................................................. 131 2. Septimius Severus (misattributed denarii) .............................................................................. 134 3. Caracalla (Cat. nos. 29-36) ...................................................................................................... 136 4. Macrinus (Cat. nos. 37-40) ...................................................................................................... 138 5. Elagabalus (Cat. nos. 41-48) ................................................................................................... 139 6. Uranius Antoninus (Cat. nos. 49-58) ....................................................................................... 140 G. LAODICEA AD LIBANUM ..................................................................................................................... 144 1. Septimius Severus (Cat. nos. 59-62) .......................................................................................