CHAPTER 2 LETERATURE REVIEW The contents in this chapter were divided into five parts as follows: 1. Data from Aranyaprathet Customs House 2. A description of Ban Klongluek Border Market 3. Stressor 4. Stress 4.1 Definition of stress 4.2 The concept of stress 4.3 Stress evaluation 4.4 Stress related outcomes 5. Stress management 5.1 The concept of coping 5.2 The concept of stress management Data from Aranyaprathet Customs House The data from Information and Communication Technology, by the cooperation of Thailand Custom House indicates that overall business on the borderland of Thailand have increased every year by millions of baht since 1997. Comparison between all Thailand -Cambodia business shows borderland International business is 75% of all International business between Thailand and Cambodia as show table 2-1. Borderland businesses are mainstays of economy in this area of country. Sakaeo Province is an eastern province of Thailand where has the boundary contacts with the Cambodia. In 2007, Aranyaprathet Custom House and Chanthaburi Custom House had total trade value 18,468 and 14,432 million baht, respectively. This market has a lot of tourists, about 10,000 persons per day, circulating funds of about 100-200 million baht as show table 2-2 and table 2-3. 10 Table 2-1 Comparison between International business is Thailand-Cambodia business and Thailand -Cambodia business borderland (1997-2007) Year International Border Line Amount* % Amount* % 1997 11,825 100 8,271 70 1998 13,413 100 10,041 75 1999 13,939 100 10,496 75 2000 14,230 100 11,250 79 2001 21,316 100 15,743 74 2002 22,621 100 18,850 83 2003 29,184 100 17,782 61 2004 30,204 100 23,530 78 2005 38,138 100 31,128 82 2006 48,326 100 36,022 75 2007 48,406 100 37,354 77 *(million baht) Table 2-2 Statistic export-import of Aranyaprathet Customs House (2005-2007) Year Amount* 2005 2006 2007 Total Value 15,541 17,837 18,468 Export value 14,712 16,642 17,162 Import value 829 1,195 1,307 Balance of Trade +13,883 +15,448 +15,855 *(million baht) Table 2-3 Statistic export-import of Chanthaburi Customs House (2005-2007) Year Amount* 2005 2006 2007 Total Value 10,105 13,275 14,432 Export value 10,069 13,230 14,380 Import value 36 45 52 Balance of Trade +10,033 +13,185 +14,328 *(million baht) 11 Channel for import and export borderline 1. Check Point For Border Trade has eight places 2. Temporary Crossing Point has six places 3. Permanent Crossing Point has six places 3.1 Ban Klongluek, Aranyapathet district, Sakaeo province contact with Poypet, Ojow district, Banteay Meanchey province 3.2 Ban Hadlek, Klong Yai district, Trad province 3.3 Chongjom, Kap Choeng district, Surin province 3.4 Ban Lam, Pong Nam Ron district, Chanthaburi province 3.5 Ban Puk Kad, Pong Nam Ron district, Chanthaburi province 3.6 Chongsangum, Phu Sing district, Sisaket province 4. Geography Crossing Point A description of Ban Klongluek Border Market Ban Klongluk Border Parking Primary Care Unit Golderngate market Rongkaue market Benjawun market C A Detthai market M B O D I A Parking Figure 2-1 Ban Klongluek Border Market Map 12 Ban Klongluek Border Market or Rongklua Market, Aranyaprathet district, Sakaeo province is shown in figure 2-1. Distance across the district is approximately 6 kilometers, in contact with border of Thailand - Cambodia. This market is the biggest Border Line trade market and produces the most income of Sakaeo province. Most people in Ban Klongluek Border Market are Cambodian, Vietnamese and Chinese that emigrate from Phnom Penh, Patdambang and Siemreab but Thai people is only 10-20%. Stressor Stress is caused by a multitude of demands (stressors), such as an inadequate fit between what we need and what we are capable of, and what our environment offers and what it demands of us. We need a certain amount of responsibility, but our job offers less or demands more. We need a certain amount of work, but get either none at all- unemployment-or too much (Cary Cooper, 2005). Another cause of stress lies in role conflicts. We all play several roles. We are husbands or wives, parents to our children, children to our parents, brothers and sisters, friends and bosses, peers and subordinates-all at the same time. And the ingredients of conflict are easy to find in try on to fill these multiple and sometimes conflicting roles (Cary Cooper, 2005). Stress is cause by many reasons. It maybe caused by persons who get stimulation from objects, persons or environment. The stress is perceived differently by each person. An event getting same stressor is different for many subjects, depending on development of physical, mind, social, and culture of that person. Some academicians mentioned the root cause of stress which is divided into many types. Lazarus (1971) divided causes of stress into two types: 1. Environmental Factor: social, nature, events related health, family and relationship. 2. Individual Factor depends on 2.1 Personality and Trait 2.2 Temperament 2.3 Past Experience 13 Farmer (1962) divided causes of stress into four types: 1. Personal Source: personality, experience and self-concept 2. Financial Source 3. Relational Source 4. Occupational Source Boonhhung (1990) and Keangkeaw (1986) divided cause of stress is 2 groups. 1. Internal force is inside motivation such as physiology change, body structure, and heredity characteristic, stress related with age. 2. External force or said that cause by environment such as physical environment, social, relationship, event related change. Luckmann & Sorenson (1987) mentioned factors of stressor including the following 10 items: 1. Factor of heredity related transition which effect development and growth. 2. Factor of physical and chemical, nature environment such as heat, cool, voice, radiation, pressure of atmosphere as well as chemical in physical, defective of hormone level. 3. Microbe and Parasite cause of disease 4. Factors of mind and emotion caused by the need of person, pan of age, sex, mind impact, injury. 5. Factor of culture, traditional, conflict in value which effect way of life. 6. Emigration or job change, person has to adept with new social. 7. Factor of ecology such as environment changed cause by war that person may not be spend normal life. 8. Factor of occupation, high responsibility, repeatedly, boring easily stressor. By job requirement, working problem and pressure of work related with level of stress which bring about boring of occupation. 9. Technology advancement effect to people in that social face pollution, danger of machine, hazardous as well as some drug interaction may cause of disease. 10. Rapidly change in the future effect to person who could not prepare or adapt well follow changing, getting too many information or many decisions ways. 14 Panpreecha (1991) said that there are many factors that cause of stress such as 1. Internal forces mean the stress that cause of various factors from the body. Two kinds of internal forces are physical and mental. 1.1 Physical cause could be some condition of body that makes stress. The body and mind cannot be separated, so when the body is stressful, the mind is also stressful. Various conditions are the causes, such as: 1.1.1 Exhausted physical, be the condition of incomplete body or had worked hard and a long time. 1.1.2 The body had not enough time to rest, be coming the condition of body that caused of working for a long time 1.1.3 Have meal not enough and do not have the hygienic condition that make exhausted body and caused of stress 1.1.4 Physical sickness 1.1.5 Alcoholic and narcotic condition, alcohol and narcotic effect the nerve that cause the body burn more energy and be exhausted 1.2. Mental cause 1.2.1 Fright or fear, anxiety, anger, sadness, and sorrow; these feelings cause stress 1.2.2 Some feeling, such as feeling of losing fame, honor, pride, making a mistake, fear others, etc. 1.2.3 Anger or spiritual conditions that happen when person is interrupted and confront the problem affect the feeling such as dissatisfied, angry and anxious. 2. External forces mean the factors of outside body that cause the stress. 2.1 Lose a beloved thing such as lose the lover, assets, work, unemployment or discharge, decrease the position, a business becomes bankrupt 2.2 The change of life; in transition, everybody’s life, and mind will vary and be stressful. The transition distance of life such as start school the first time, give first birth, menopause including environmental change make must oneself to adapt, change suddenly that is unexpected or unprepared such as school moving, work moving, migrates, etc. 15 2.3 The harm that menaces the life and assets, both the harm from human and nature, such as living in the area where there are many criminals, being threatened, being in a battlefield, flood, and a fire, etc., these conditions cause the pressure and stress severely. 2.4 Working that causes the stress, such as no safety at work, risks taken while working, unsatisfactory working, not seeing the importance of the work, etc. 2.5 The economic depression, poverty, getting in debt that cause imperfect progress, lack of nutrition, incomplete of studying, stay in the slum, have no safety in life and assets can cause the anxiety, fear, thinking over, force the mind, these cause the stress. 2.6 The state of city social, a lot of people coming to the city to look for job that cause competitive life, compete for a better position, inconvenient travel because of traffic jam, the married life is not warm, individual staying, lack of pure breathe, these conditions cause the stress.