Biology, Epidemiology and Management of Pyrodinium Red Tides Edited by Gustaaf M. Hallegra~ff and Jay L. Maclean ~~~ , . ' ~ "', " ,;' . .. --,,'" , a,,",.:--,. ,~. "--="".~~ -~- '0 IJhology, Epidemiology and Management of Pyrodinium Red Tides Proceedings of the Management and Training Workshop Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam 23-30 May 1989 Edited by Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff an% J.L. Maclean FISHERIES DEPARTMENT, MINISTRY OF DEVELOPMENT BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN,BRUNEI DARUSSALAM INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR LIVING AQUATIC RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MAN'ILA, PHILIPPINES Biology, epidemiology and management of Pyrodinium red tides Proceedings of the Management and Training Workshop Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam 23-30 May 1989 374 Edited by G.M. HALLEGRAEFF and J.L. MACLEAN Printed in Manila, Philippines Published by tlie Fisheries Department, Ministry of Development, P.O. Box 2161, Bandar Seri Begawan 1921, Brunei Darussalam, and International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, MC P.O. Box 1501, Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines Hallegraeff, G.M. and J.L. Maclean, Editors. 1989. Biology, epidemiology and management of Pyrodinium red tides. ICLARM Conf. hc.21,286 p. ISSN 0115-4435 ISBN 971 -1022-64-8 Cover: Electron micrograph of Pyrodinium bahamense bahamense, Oyster Bay, Jamaica, from a sample collected by R J.Buchanan on 17 March 1967. Photograph by Gustaaf Hallegraeff. ICLARM Contribution No. 585. Biology, Epidemiology and Management of Pyrodinium Red Tides Contents Foreword vi Preface viii Part 1. Proceedings of the Management and Training Workshop, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, 23 to 30 May 1989. Occurrences of red tides and paralytic shellfish poisoning An Overview of Pyrodinium red tides in the western Pacific. J.L. Maclean 1 Pyrodinium red tide occurrences in Brunei Darussalam. Matdanan Haji Jaafar, M.W.R.N. De Silva and P.H.Y. Sharifuddin 9 Summary of red tide and paralytic shellfish poisoning in St?bah, Malaysia. T.M.Ting and J.T.S. Wong 19 Red tides in Papua New Guinea waters. J.L. Maclean 27 Pyrodinium blooms and paralytic shellfish poisoning in the Philippines. C.L. Gonzales 39 The Guatemala? experience with red tides and paralytic shellfish poisoning. F. Rosales-hssener 49 Biology, Taxonomy, Toxicology Mechanisms for red tides of Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum in Papua New Guinea, Sabah and Brunei Darussalam. H.H. Seliger 53 Toxins in Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum and infested marine organisms. Y. Oshima 73 Cysts as factors in Pyrodinium ecology, D.M.Anderson 81 Occurrence of the cyst of Pyrodinium bahumense var. compressum in surface sediments of Brunei Bay. K. Matsuoka, Y. Fukuyo, Matdanan H. Jaafar and M. W.R.N.De Silva 89 Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum red tide studies in Sabah, Malaysia. Gires Usup, Asmat Ahmad and Norhadi Ismail 97 Research, Monitoring and Equipment Research personnel and training needs (l'.Okaichi, J.L. Maclean) 111 Discussion and recommendations on research on the biology, ecology and toxicology (D.M. Anderson, G.M. Hallegraeff and J.L. Maclean) 115 Recommendations for Pyrodinium monitoring and research equipment (D.M. Anderson) 121 Management Management of Pyrodinium red tides in Brunei Darussalam. M.W.R.N. De Silva, A.H.M. Salleh, S.I. Mahali and S. Subramaniam 125 Management of red tides in Sabah, Malaysia. J.T.S. Wong and T.M. Ting 135 Management of toxic red tides in the Philippines. C.L. Gonzales 141 Management approaches to red tides in Papua New Guinea. K. Riroriro and L. D. Sims 149 Management of red tides and pazalytic shellfish poisoning in Guatemala. F. Rosales-Loessener 153 Methods of controlling Pyrodinium red tides. (T. Okaichi) 155 Monitoring principles. (G.M. Hallegraeff, S. Blackburn) 157 Discussions and recommendations on management issues. (T.E. Chua) 159 Epidemiology Epidemics of paralytic shellfish poisoning in the Philippines, 1988- 1989. N.I.S. Pastor, I. Gopez, M.C. Quizon, N. Bautista, M. White and M. Dayrit 165 Discussion on medical and epidemiologic issues. (N.Y.Pastor, R.A. Corrales) 173 Economics Economic aspects of Pyrodinium red tides in the western Pacific. J.L. Maclean 179 Discussion and recommendations on economic issues. (J.L. Maclean, 0. Ross) 187 List of Participants and Participation 189 Part 2. Manud for Field and Labomtory Research on the Dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense Identification Morphological characteristics of dinoflagellates. Y. Fukuyo and F. J.R. Taylor 201 Morphological features of the motile cell of Pyrodinium bahamense. F. J.R. Taylor and Y. Fukuyo 207 Morphological features of the cyst of Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum. K. Matsuoka 219 Methods for dinoflagellate cyst studies. (K. Matsuoka, Y. Fukuyo and D.M. Anderson) 231 Field Methodology Sampling coastal dinoflagellate blooms: equipment, strategies and data processing. P. J.S. Franks and D.M. Anderson 235 Laboratory Techniques Review of culture methods for Pyrodinium bahamense. S.I. Blackburn and Y. Oshima 257 Standard mouse bioassay for paralytic shellfish toxins. AOAC 267 Analysis of Pyrodinium bahamense PSP toxins by high-performance liquid chromatography. Y. Oshima 273 Epidemiology Guidelines in investigating PSP epidemics. N.I.S. Pastor, M.E. White and2ld.D. Dayrit 279 Foreword Red tide has become a frequent phenomenon in the coastal waters in many parts of the world. In Southeast Asia many lives have been lost and thousands taken ill from eating contaminated seafoods. Economic losses are also serious and effective mitigating measures are greatly needed. In 1984 two regional meetings, a WESTPAC Red Tide workshop at CSIRO in Cronulla (Australia) and a SEAFDEC/IDRC meeting on Toxic Red Tides and Shellfish Toxicity in Southeast Asia held in Singapore, unanimously declared Pyrodinium bahamense as the "number one" red tide danger in the Indo-West Pacific region. Urged by the 1987 Guatemala poisonings and the first appearance in 1988 of red tides in Manila Bay (Philippines), the concept of a meeting devoted exclusively to Pyrodinium bahamense was first proposed by Dr. Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff of CSIRO and Mr. J.L. Maclean of ICLARM. The ASEAN/US Coastal Area Management Project took up the proposal and developed it into a Pyrodinium red tide management and training workshop which permitted the participation of red tide researchers, public health officers and administrators to discuss research and management issues on Pyrodinium red tides and to develop a training manual. Brunei Darussalam readily hosted the workshop and contributed to part of local costs of the workshop. The idea found ready support from a number of donor agencies: The Australian International Development Assistance Bureau (AIDAB), the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOCIWESTPAC), the National Academy of Sciences, USA, International Development Research Centre (IDRC) of Canada and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). As a result, from 23 to 30 May 1989, over 40 researchers from the six Asean countries (Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand), and from Australia, Canada, Japan, Papua New Guinea, Central America and the USA gathered in Brunei Darussalam to discuss the biological, economic, management, medical and training issues of Pyrodinium red tides. We were pleased that the workshop was successfully concluded and the proceedings published within a period of six months. Credit should be given to the enthusiasm and untiring efforts of Dr. Hallegraeff and Mr. Maclean as well as technical support staff of the Department of Fisheries, University of Brunei Darussalam and ICLARM. Haji Matdanan bin Jaafar Chua Thia Eng Director Project Coordinator Department of Fisheries ASEANNS Coastal Resources Brunei Darussalam Management Project, and Director Coastal Area Management Program, ICLARM vii Preface The dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense Plate 1906 (Pyro = fire; bahamense = from the Bahamas) was first described from the tropical Atlantic more than 80 years ago. In Bahia Fosforescente in Puerto Rico and Oyster Bay in Jamaica, this species forms persistent luminescent blooms which are a major tourist attraction. Residents in these areas eat small oysters attached to mangrove roots, apparently without ill effects. The first harmful implications of Pyrodinium blooms became evident in 1972 in Papua New Guinea. Red-brown water discolorations coincided with the fatal food poisoning of three children and mouse bioassays on shellfish from a house in the affected village subsequently established Pyrodinium bahamense as the source of paralytic shellfish poisons. Since then, toxic Pyrodinium blooms have apparently spread to Brunei and Sabah (1976), the central Philippines (1983) and the northern Philippines (1987). Most unexpectedly, in 1987 on the Pacific coast of Guatemala, 187 people had to be hospitalized after consumption of toxic clams and 26 persons died. The problem was initially attributed to pesticide poisoning and only later linked to Pyrodinium. Altogether, this species has now been responsible for more than 1,000 human illnesses and 60 fatalities resulting from the consumption of contaminated shellfish as well as planktivorous fish such as sardines and anchovies. Unfortunately, the tropical countries in the Indo-West Pacific (Brunei, Indonesia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sabah, Solomon Islands) and Latin America (Guatemala, Venezuela) that are affected (Fig. 1) depend heavily on seafoods for protein and have little prim experience in toxic dinoflagellate